Chapter 13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion
volunteering and other _______ behavior have been linked to strengthening of the immune system
Altruistic
three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg are
Pre, post, and conventional
an increase in volunteer opportunities in _______ contributes to more frequent prosocial behavior
adolescence
if a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during
adolescence
_______ morality is the name of the 2nd stage of Piaget's moral development. in this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people
autonomous
Carol Gilligan's ________ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
care
proponents of ________ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches student what is right and wrong
character education
which of the following do most develop mentalists emphasize as the parent's role in moral development
communication with children discipline techniques
the social cognitive theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral ________ and moral-__________
competence and performance
according to Freud, two moral devices help the superego enforce moral behavior. the _____ _____ rewards children, whereas the _______ punishes children
ego ideal; conscience
types of prosocial behaviors identified by Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues
emotional, altruism, anonymous
responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as
empathy
two main components of the superego
eog ideal and conscience
an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called
forgiveness
Viktor Frankl claimed that the three most distinctive human qualities were
freedom responsibility spirituality
how did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development
he interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ________ morality stage
heteronomous
children at the ________ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people
heteronomous
first stage of Kohlberg's perconventional level of moral reasoning; individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange is the second
heteronomous morality
a person with moral _______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self
identity
individuals have moral _______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life
identity
the foundations of ________ character provide a starting point for social relationship and functioning
moral
what type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people
moral
conventional
moral judgments are based on law and social order
postconventional
moral judgments are based on universal human rights
preconventional
moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments
Baumeister and Vohs found that there are four needs in our quest for a meaningful life. they include the
need for self-worth, sense of efficacy, purpose, values
talking about values is a proactive parenting strategy recommended for which age group
older children
researchers have defined moral _____ as consisting as moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars
personality
researches have defined moral _____ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars
personality
_________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state
perspective taking
which of the following are important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to child's moral development
proactive strategies conversational dialog parental discipline relational quality
________ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling concern and empathy
prosocial
_______ and spiritual beliefs pay a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors
religion
improved grades, more goal setting and increased self esteem are some positive outcomes for adolescents taking part in ________ learning activities
service
is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and community assistance
service learning
an increasing number of studies have shown that _______ can have a strong influence on delinquency
siblings
two levels of Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning
social contract or utility and individual rights universal ethical principles
is arbitrary and focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system
social conventional
which of the following are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?
social systems morality mutual interpersonal expectation, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
as a part of the identity development during adolescence and emerging adulthood, individuals also may question their ______ beliefs
spiritual
according to Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are
spirituality freedom responsibility
all the following statements about religion in middle adulthood are true, Except:
spiritually increase more for men than women in the second half of life