Chapter 13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion

volunteering and other _______ behavior have been linked to strengthening of the immune system

Altruistic

three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg are

Pre, post, and conventional

an increase in volunteer opportunities in _______ contributes to more frequent prosocial behavior

adolescence

if a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during

adolescence

_______ morality is the name of the 2nd stage of Piaget's moral development. in this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people

autonomous

Carol Gilligan's ________ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

care

proponents of ________ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches student what is right and wrong

character education

which of the following do most develop mentalists emphasize as the parent's role in moral development

communication with children discipline techniques

the social cognitive theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral ________ and moral-__________

competence and performance

according to Freud, two moral devices help the superego enforce moral behavior. the _____ _____ rewards children, whereas the _______ punishes children

ego ideal; conscience

types of prosocial behaviors identified by Gustavo Carlo and his colleagues

emotional, altruism, anonymous

responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as

empathy

two main components of the superego

eog ideal and conscience

an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called

forgiveness

Viktor Frankl claimed that the three most distinctive human qualities were

freedom responsibility spirituality

how did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development

he interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve

Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ________ morality stage

heteronomous

children at the ________ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people

heteronomous

first stage of Kohlberg's perconventional level of moral reasoning; individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange is the second

heteronomous morality

a person with moral _______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self

identity

individuals have moral _______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life

identity

the foundations of ________ character provide a starting point for social relationship and functioning

moral

what type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people

moral

conventional

moral judgments are based on law and social order

postconventional

moral judgments are based on universal human rights

preconventional

moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments

Baumeister and Vohs found that there are four needs in our quest for a meaningful life. they include the

need for self-worth, sense of efficacy, purpose, values

talking about values is a proactive parenting strategy recommended for which age group

older children

researchers have defined moral _____ as consisting as moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars

personality

researches have defined moral _____ as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars

personality

_________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state

perspective taking

which of the following are important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to child's moral development

proactive strategies conversational dialog parental discipline relational quality

________ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling concern and empathy

prosocial

_______ and spiritual beliefs pay a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors

religion

improved grades, more goal setting and increased self esteem are some positive outcomes for adolescents taking part in ________ learning activities

service

is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and community assistance

service learning

an increasing number of studies have shown that _______ can have a strong influence on delinquency

siblings

two levels of Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning

social contract or utility and individual rights universal ethical principles

is arbitrary and focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system

social conventional

which of the following are the TWO stages in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

social systems morality mutual interpersonal expectation, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

as a part of the identity development during adolescence and emerging adulthood, individuals also may question their ______ beliefs

spiritual

according to Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are

spirituality freedom responsibility

all the following statements about religion in middle adulthood are true, Except:

spiritually increase more for men than women in the second half of life