CHAPTER 13 NUTRITION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.

What are the big 8 food allergens? What is #1/top 3.

#1 - peanut. #2 - milk. #3 - shellfish. Tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, egg.

What is the statistic for the number of children born after 2000 who will develop diabetes?

1 in 3 children.

What percent of adolescents have pre diabetes? What interventions are most effective?

1 in 6 adolescents. Interventions: exercise, diet and weight changes.

What percent of children have food allergies?

8%. Preschoolers have the highest prevalence of allergies.

When should a child switch to low fat milk? Why?

A child should switch to low fat milk starting at age 2 because of the fat content/calories.

How does nutrition affect a child's development?

Affects their physical, emotional, intellectual development.

What factors affect a child's appetite? What is a good way to increase nutrient dense foods throughout the day?

Appetites vary according to rate of growth. Forcing a child to eat can cause disordered eating. Encourage nutrient dense snacks every 2-3 hours. Fats should not be limited until age 2.

When do boys and girls get their growth spurt?

Boys: 13 - 16 years old. Girls: 10-13 years old.

Describe interventions for optimal nutrition for appetite suppression due to medication.

Breakfast before medications. Large dinner. Snacking.

What foods may pose a choking risk?

Chewing gum. Popcorn. Peanuts. While grapes or cherry tomatoes. Hot dogs. Raw carrots. Hard candy.

What factors contribute to childhood obesity?

Genetics. Food environment. Sedentary lifestyle. Internal cues of hunger and satiety extinguished. Lack of recognition of problem by adults.

Identify foods to increase and limit for children and adolescents.

Increase - vegetables, fruits, while grains, fat free and low fat dairy products, seafood. Decrease - foods with sodium, saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, and refined grains. Need 1 mL of water per calorie. Introduce fiber slowly. Limit sweets and sweetened fruit juices.

Describe negative health effects of energy drink consumption.

Known to cause insomnia, nervousness, nausea, rapid heart rate. More severe reactions include seizures, cardiac irregularities, cardiac arrest.

Where can caregivers or health providers find information about a child's nutrient needs?

MyPlate.

Define neophobic and food jags.

Neophobic - feat of anything new. Food Jags - eating only a few different foods.

Describe anorexia nervosa and treatment.

Psychological disorder involving distorted body image and fear of being fat. Causes the client to drastically reduce calories consumed thus altering metabolism. May exercise excessively. May result in hair loss, hypotension, wetness, amenorrhea, brain damage, and even death. <85% of body weight. Treatment: individual and family counseling, self acceptance, nutrition therapy, close supervision, time and patience.

What unique factors affect an adolescent's nutrient intake?

Rapid growth and physical changes. Typically enormous appetites. Often substitute popular low nutrient dense foods. Foods choices affected by peer pressure and busy schedules. Menstruation in girls creates a greater need for iron. DRI's for many nutrients higher for boys than girls.

What factors may influence food intake as kids get older?

Reductions in regular breakfast. Increase in food prepared away from home. Increase in snacking. (less optimal choices.) Increase in fried foods. Increase in portion size. Increase in sweetened beverages and sugar. Decrease in dairy foods. Displacement of fruits and vegetables.

What are some strategies to help a child build better eating habits?

Relationships develop in early childhood. Parents should role model good eating habits. New foods should be introduced gradually. Children should be involved in food selection and preparation.

Describe bulimia and treatment.

Syndrome when client alternately binges and purges by inducing committing and using laxatives and diuretics to rid of ingested food. Often binge on high-calorie foods. Usually not life threatening by can irritate esophagus and cause electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, dehydration, and dental caries. Treatment: Eating only at mealtime, portion control, close supervision after eating, psychological counseling.

What is the criterion for pre diabetes?

fasting blood sugar of 100-126 mg/dl