English 4 Exam 1
foil character
a character who contrasts with another
shorten
abbreviate
give up, such as power, as of monarchs and emperors
abdicate
servile flattery; exaggerated and hypocritical praise
adulation
a state of misfortune or affliction
adversity
characterized by an appreciation of beauty or good taste
aesthetic
someone who offers opposition
antagonist
marked by care and persistent effort
assiduous
Chaucers characters described by their job, _____, accessories, the way they act, their ____, their secrets, their ____, their slang or accent, and their mode of _____.
clothing, income, status, and transportation
work together on a common enterprise or project
collaborate
a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering
compassion
why does the pardoner tell his moral stories?
he is open about his greed; states it from the beginning
how is the old lady helping the knight to gain an understanding that goes beyond what women desire most?
helping him understand what makes a good man (manners and respect)
friar
long robe, thick white neck; persuasive and manipulative; clergy
knight
smudged armor; modest, honorable, wise, chivalry; highest/ruling class
would you say B is a static or dynamic character?
static b/c he never changed
what plan do the two remaining rioters make?
to kill the other man when he returns from town
the knight finds many different opinions of what women desire. what are they?
women want wealth, treasure, honor, fun in bed, pleasure, clothing, multiple husbands, freedom
pardoner
yellow hair, buldging eyes; thief, little hoe, alcoholic, hypocrite; clergy
What are the four key values of the Anglo-Saxon religion?
1. bravery 2. loyalty 3. generosity 4. friendship
Setting- the main action of the story is set around 500 A.D. in _________ and __________ (a region in what is now Sweden)
Denmark; Geatland
What does Anglo-Saxon mean?
The Angles and the Saxons joined together invaded England, long period of era called Anglo-Saxon era.
What publication did King Alfred institute and why was that important?
The Anglo-Saxon chronicles. It contributed to England's culture
Which religion did the Romans introduce?
Christianity
What was the position of women in this society?
Could own property, husband had to offer wife money and land, religious freedom
Describe the Celtic myths.
Fantastic animals, love affairs, strong,powerful women, magic
what goes Grendel do at night and describe how that serves to drive the plot and mood?
G murders people and it's building on the conflict of good vs evil
What did the Romans build in England?
Roads, defensive walls, public baths, villas
What is a scop and why are they important?
Storyteller, tells legends and epics in village halls (mead halls), viewed as extremely important in society as important as warriors. The scops provided entertainment and education. They also gave people hope and an example on how to live.
What kind of political system did the British have? How did this affect Americans?
They had a monarchy of and for the people. America adopted it and formed the democracy
how does Unferth serve as a foil to the epic hero B?
Unferth is negative, boast w/o evidence B is positive , humbly boasts with evidence
What is Stonehenge and what was it used for?
a circle of huge stones in England mysteriously set up by ancient people. It's used for religious rights and it reflects the reflection of the Sun and the Moon.
avarice
a desire for wealth; greed
What is an epic?
a long heroic poem passed down verbally tells tale of a hero or legend
where has the w of b travelled? what do these destinations have in common?
all over the world; popular for religious pilgrimages
showing or motivated by sympathy and understanding
benevolent
miller
big and muscular, red face with warts; tells nasty stories in bars, wrestles, gross; low class
The traits of an Epic hero are: a. ___________- risks his life for others b. ___________ - true to his people; his actions determine the fate of a _________ or group of people c. generosity d. friendship
bravey; loyalty; nation
host (harry bailey)
bright eyed, hot; good host, friendly, compliments; low class
harsh criticism or disapproval
censure
the act of assembling
congregation
translate and explain "Radix malorum est cupiditas
greed is the root of all evil. the priest were basically stealing money from the people
what did they hear going through the streets?
hand bell clinking fro the coffin
Describe the warfare the Anglo-Saxons engaged in.
hand made weapons, defensive walls, shields, spears, fought horse back
what is the w of b's attitude towards husbands who are controlling?
neg. and hostile
how does the author characterize Welthow, H's wife?
rich, noble, independent, strong, helpful, loyal
first time in european history that people payed______ on their property.
taxes
characterized by friendship and good will
amicable
deviating from a straight course
circuitous
Describe a typical day in the Anglo-Saxon life
dangerous, collected and spun wool, preparing food, protecting homes
who is the allegorical character in the story? who fears him? why?
death; the tavern knave, inn keeper, and townspeople are scared of death b/c plague happened and killed many people
harmful to living things
deleterious
understanding and entering into another's feelings
empathy
strive to equal or match, especially by imitating
emulate
causing weakness or debilitation
enervating
increase
enhance
what does B use to Kill G's mother and what is B's final revenge against G?
enormous sword hanging from her wall; cuts his head off
anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only a for a day
ephemeral
Beowulf is an _____ ____, a long narrative poem that celebrates a ______, deeds
epic poem; hero's
tending to vanish like vapor
evanescent
a story that includes another story or stories
frame story
knighthood was grounded in a feudal idea of _____ and involved a complex system of _______ _____. A knight would never break one of these codes- would undermine himself and knights in general.
loyalty; social codes
what is significant about the challenge regarding B's experience?
made B look better and himself look worse
the young boys would get trained in good_____, singing, _____, and playing chess.
manners, dancing
Mead hall- buildings where ________ were held, places of _______, scops would recite _______ and play music, food and drink (mead), relaxing, safe places to unwind with friends and start to develop a sense of what makes a good person.
meetings; safety; poems
what are the reasons for the knight not being able to love his new wife?
she is old, plain, and poor
where does the old man tell them to find death?
under a tree
what does H promise B if he is able to kill G?
your ship will have treasure
The middle ages lasted from______ to _____
1066-1485
how many pilgrims are travelling together?
29 plus the host
how many husbands did she have throughout her life?
5
It is estimated to have been written between __________ the dark ages; written in __________?
700-1000 A.D.; England
this type of training wuld start at age _____. They also started to use their sword and _____.
7; shield
What is a mead hall?
A very important large building in center community owned and runned by the king. It was used for meetings, battle strategies, scops, and celebrations
What type of religion did the Celts practice? Describe that religion.
Animism- belief that all things have their own spirit and should be worshipped. (Ex: tree, wind, animals, humans)
what can you infer is B's reasoning for not wanting to fight G with a sword?
Beowulf thinks he is as strong as Grendel
why else is B willing to help H?
H helped B's father to regain his honor, so B is returning the favor
who is Hrothgar and what is Herot?
H is King of Danes Herot is a meadhall
_________- a synonym (or appositive), a descriptive phrase or ______ _______ that is used in place of a noun Ex: a large car= a gas guzzler, Jesus= Lamb of God, Mary= The Holy Virgin
Kennings; compound word
how does the poet contrast Hrothgar's kingdom to Grendel's liar?
Kingdom: happy, joyful, music, and laughter Liar: dark, evil, empty, gloomy
Beowulf is written in the Anglo-Saxon language (__________)
Old English
What was most Anglo-Saxon literature like?
Reflects no hope for afterlife, filled battles, sorrow and gloom; reciting poetry was an important as fighting battles
who stays to help B after everyone leaves and what persuasive argument does he make?
Wiglaf, said that when they were in the meadhall they talked a big game but in person they are wimps and what did B ever do to deserve this sad and lonely death.
what do they find there?
a pile of gold florins
the trait of refraining from something, especially alcohol
abstinence
many important people traveled to Herot after B's victory. how does this add to his status as an epic hero?
adds to his status as a hero by it being spread
Stock epithets- _______ that points out special traits of a person. Ex: Wily Odysseus, swift-footed Achilles, grey-eyed Athena
adjectives
who do the men meet along the road? how do they treat him? what does this reveal about the men?
an old man; they disrespect him and threaten to harm him; their disrespect underscores their ignorance
chronologically misplaced
anachronistic
short account of an incident
anecdote
having no known name or identity or known source
anonymous
lacking sufficient water or rainfall
arid
what is a mail shirt and what does it symbolize?
armed garment made of interlocking metal rings; symbolizes bravery
a shelter from danger or hardship
asylum
why do none of Hrothgar's men challenge G and how long has G's terror last?
b/c they are terrified; lasted 12 yrs
what does B use to kill G?
bare hands to prove he is a real hero
the king appointed ____, giving the land in return for their ____ and military allegiance
barons; economic
Life was difficult; it was filled with bloody ______ to solve conflicts, ignorance due to lack of education, and ______
battles; barbarism
the characters are on a pilgrimage to St. Thomas _____ shrine
beckets
the quality of affording easy familiarity and sociability
camaraderie
magna carta- a document that the king signed that took power away from the ____. It put more power into the hands of the ____.
church; people
someone who can perceive things not present to the senses
clairvoyant
an accommodation in which both sides make concessions
compromise
what did the king plan to do to the knight as punishment for the act?
condemned the knight to be beheaded by law
characteristic of those who treat others with arrogance
condescending
imposing or depending on or containing an assumption
conditional
what mood is created in this section by the images used to describe the kingdom and the liar?
conflict between good and evil
someone who follows established standards of conduct
conformist
the act of coming closer
convergence
what is a pardoner?
crook, not holy, worries about himself, greedy, women in every town
a leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions
demagogue
a message that departs from the main subject
digression
quietly and steadily persevering in detail or exactness
diligent
what will the winner receive?
dinner at inn paid for by all others
the state of being held in low esteem
discredit
lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike
disdain
tending to move apart in different directions
divergent
what idea does the host have to pass the time while the pilgrims travel to canterburry?
each tell twos stories with a moral message there and back and the host will pick a winner
explain the biblical allusion in reference to Cain and Abel and say what symbolic purpose it has here.
evil spawned from evil ancestors
the feudal system did not always work, but it did create a sese of ____ and ____ that started showing up in art, literature, and life.
form;matters
based on a religious hierarchy with _____ as the supreme overlord.
god
knights codes of chivalry 1. true to his ____ and defender of the faith 2. true and ____ to his lord and king 3. true to his lady 4. ______ and _____ in daily actions 5. brve and fierce in ____ and adversity.
god loyal humble and modest war
nun (prioress)
graceful and attractive, wise forehead, jewelry (she was a rich nun which is weird); normal nun; clergy/highest class
how does B prove his victory over G?
hanging G's arm from the rafter
what choices does the knight's wife give him?
have her old, ugly, but loyal OR young, pretty, and unfaithful
what proof does Beowulf offer that he is up to killing Grendel?
he explains that he can do it with his bare hands/epic boasting
what did B leave to his people?
his legacy; he's the perfect example of being brave
what happens in this battle that has never happened before
his sword breaks and allows dragon to kill him
Scops (pronounced shopes)- very important positions in society, their poems contained ________ ________, moral sermons, ________ pride, and examples of how a true hero behaves. Their _______ _______ were memorized and performed not ________
history lessons; cultural; epic poems; written
to be knight, a young boy needed to come from a rich, noble family who culd afford their own_____, ______, and ______.
horse, armor, and weapons.
Chivalry- a system of ___ and social ____ that govern the behavior of knights and ____-___.
ideals; codes; gentle women
what do the rioters decide to do?
kill death
the death of becket angered the __ and they let Henry know he did a bad thing. he felt bad, so he made a pilgrimage, a holy journey, to Beckets tomb in _____ to seek forgiveness. After that it becam a sort of english tradition to pilgrimage to Beckets shrine to show ____ ___
king; canterbury; religuous devoation
women- a womans value remained tied to the value of the ___ she brought into the marriage. She remained subservient to her father, brother, and husband.
land
king william took an iventory of all property in england-____ &______, and buildings.
land and cattle
knights- the primary duty of males above a serf was a military service to their _____(this was still a time in which defending yourself and your land was a big deal), there was a great need for _____.
lords; knights
courtly love: a Medieval tradition; of nobility engage in ____ ____ according to specefic rules.
love affairs
in the canterbury tales, chaucer usues satire to write about: social tensions, courtly ___ and the corruption of the ______ ____. written in middle english
love; catholic church
The _______ of this epic poem is a __________ narrator telling a story of pagan (non-Christian) times
narrator; Christian
oxford cleric
nicely dressed; reads alot, not social, donates money; middle class
parson
no physical description; most loved one, poor, modest, dedicated to the people; clergy
were all pardoners ethical?
no, they were selling indulgences and keeping that money
Knights adhear to an ___ of ____ to their overloard and observed specefic rules of _____, such as nver attacking an _____ opponent.
oath of loyalty; warface; unarmed
cook
open sore on knee; good cook; low class
how will the host decide the winner?
person with most moral message
people of all classes often took _____ to holy sites to get spiritual help and finances, medical needs, etc.
piligirmages
the black death: also called the Bubonic _____; killed thousands of people very quickly in a short period of time. passed through by rats.
plague
what does the youngest rioter buy from the apothecary?
poisen to kill the other two rioters
feudalism- the new social system ine enlgand- a social system, a saste system (class status), a ____ system and a ___ system
proper and military
why does the pardoner admit his own corruption?
proves corruption can reach anyone even a man of the church. he makes the indulgences seem more essential
Describe the weather of Great Britain. How might that have played a role in the mood and behavior of the people living there?
rainy and foggy which would set a sad, down vibe and people would feel depressed and be negative
squire
red and white clothes, strongly built but girly; lover and honorable; ruling class
summoner
red face, zits, narrow eyes, scabby eyebrows, bad breath; takes money from criminals instead of arresting them(bribes), little hoe, finds out secrets to blackmail, clergy
why visit st thomas beckets shrine? well _____ played an important role in medieval life, and canterbury was a religious hotspot.
religion
the use of humor, wit, irony, and sarcasm to point out flaws or ridiculousness in something
satire
chaucer- considered greatest poet in his time, currently considered second only to _____. He held ______ ____ positions. SUrvived the black ____. began writting the canterbury tales in 1387 but ____ before finishing it.
shakespere; high government; plague; died
when he agrees with her and kisses he, what happens?
she turns young and beautiful
plowman
short jacket; helps neighbors, gives $ to church, plows the land; low class
kennings for grendel
sin stained demon, guardian of crime
where are the three men and what are the doing?
sitting in the tavern having a drink
why is the dragon attacking B's Geats?
someone stole a jewel cup from his tower
at 14, a boy became a ____, a personal servant to a knight. when training was complete, he was tapped on the shoulder and dubbed a ____. He now had the title of ___.
squire; knight; sir
what mood is present as Beowulf enters the monster's lair?
suspenseful, prepared, ready to fight, confident, anxious
how does this act conflict with the chivalric code?
the code states that he must respect the honor of women and this conflicts by women getting raped
what deal does the knight make with the old lady he meets and how does he keep his bargain?
the knight will do whatever the old lady asks of him in exchange for the queen's question. she demands that he marry her in return
how does the opening of the w of b's tale illustrate an extreme case of a man who has no understanding of women?
the man disrespects her
where does the group gather?
the tabard inn in southwark
how does the rioters' end support the lesson that desire fro money is the root of all evil?
they are all dead because of their greed
what are they doing and why?
they are gathering to start a pilgrimage to canterburry to get healing
why does the wife's story digress to tell the tale of King Midas and his wife?
to build suspense, provides comic relief, and acknowledges that we has women are not perfect which no one is and hat women can't keep secrets
what does the queen require of him so so he can avoid the king's punishment?
to live; has a year and a day to answer what women most desire
new city classes: as population grew sciety moved away from castles an into ___ or ____. City classes developed according to the land and housing one could afford: _____,____, and _____-____.
towns or cities. lower, middle, and upper-middle
crusades- knights went to war to kill those who were not of the ____ faith. these are called ____ wars.
true; holy
what Anglo-Saxon values does B reveal?
value traits of a hero- bravery, loyalty, friendship, bold, confident, courage, generosity
Beowulf wants to battle the dragon alone like he has always done, what does this reoccurence suggest?
wants to reach hero status on his own
why were the pilgrims happy to be welcoming spring?
warmth, rain, and pilgrimage
Were the Celts warriors or peace-lovers?
warriors
what is the wife of bath's physical infirmity?
wide hips
wife of bath
wide hips, gapped teeth, hankercheif, bright clothes, red nose; world traveller; married 5 times bc she kills men with her good sex; flirty; knows mens secret; middle class but rich
The last Anglo-Saxon king was King Herold. _______ _____ waged a war against him and took over as a ruler of ______. He changed anglo saxons lives.
william the conqueror; england
what is the key to an understanding of women?
women want power over husband
what details let you know that greed is the main subject of the story?
youngest rioter is only thinking of the gold coins caring less about sin he is about to commit