Chapter 13: Nutrition for Infants, Children, and Adolescents PrepU Quiz Questions
When referring to body mass index (BMI), what number is correlated with the start of the obese category?
30 Weight status in children and adolescents is defined by BMI percentiles specific for age and sex. During late adolescence, adult cutoffs for overweight are a BMI greater than 25. For obesity, it is a BMI greater than 30.
The slow growth abruptly and dramatically increases with pubescence generally only for males. True/False
False The slow growth abruptly and dramatically increases with pubescence for both genders.
New foods are added to the child's diet one at a time so that any allergic reaction can be identified. True/False
True New foods are added one at a time for about 3 days so that any allergic reaction can be identified.
An infant is 5 months old. Which of the following is appropriate for his feedings? a. fortified cereal b. low-fat milk c. fruit juice d. cow's milk
a. fortified cereal Developmentally, most infants exhibit readiness to spoon-feed around 4 to 6 months. It is recommended that 100% fruit juice not be introduced until after 6 months of age. Infants weaned before 12 months of age should be given iron-fortified formula, not cow's milk. Introduction of reduced-fat milk should be delayed until after the age of two.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium is highest in which age group? a. 9 to 18 years b. over 60 years c. 0 to 4 years d. 4 to 8 years
a. 9 to 18 years For boys and girls from age 9 to 18 years, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium is 1300 mg—higher than at any other time in the life cycle. The RDA drops to 1000 mg/ day for young adults aged 19 to 21.
Which of the following is a CORRECT explanation about the relationship between breastfeeding and obesity? a. Breastfed infants have a lower risk of obesity in some populations. b. Breastfed infants feed less often than formula-fed infants. c. Breastfed infants grow more quickly than formula-fed infants. d. Breastfed infants have longer periods between feedings than formula-fed infants.
a. Breastfed infants have a lower risk of obesity in some populations. Formula-fed infants generally grow more quickly than breastfed infants during infancy. Formula-fed infants have a lower frequency and a longer interval between feedings than is typical for breastfed infants. Some of the potential health benefits for the infant include reduced risk of diarrhea and respiratory tract infection; possible protective effect against inflammatory bowel disease, leukemias, and certain types of type 1 diabetes, lowered risk of obesity in some populations, lower risk of atopic illness, and close mother-infant bonding.
For moderately active male and female 12-year-old twins, according to MyPlate, the recommended servings for fruits are ____ and for vegetables are ____ in the male twin compared to the female twin. a. The same, higher b. Higher, the same c. The same, lower d. The same, the same
a. The same, higher The MyPlate recommendation for fruits is 2 servings per day for males age 11 to 15 years and females age 12 to 18 years. The recommendation for vegetables is 2.5 servings per day for males age 9 to 11 years and females age 10 to 18 years and 3 servings per day for males age 12 to 14 years.
The nurse is providing teaching about infant formula to a prenatal group. Which of the following statements about term infant formulas by the nurse is CORRECT? a. Added omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to promote brain development. b. Infant formulas all have similar amounts of nutrients. c. Nutrients supplements are needed with formula. d. Infant formulas are about the same as cow's milk.
b. Infant formulas all have similar amounts of nutrients. There are no data to support the use of one term formula over another. They are all nutritionally interchangeable.
Which of the following is the BEST choice of snack for a child who is 10 months old? a. grapes b. french fries c. peanut butter d. baby carrots
b. french fries French fries are a preferred food and one that is easy to chew for children under the age of one. This choice of snack does not pose a choking risk. The snacks in the other answer options pose a risk for choking in children under the age of one.
The nurse is seeing a mom and her two-year-old child who needs to consume more fruits and vegetables. Which of the following foods should be recommended? a. whole grapes b. leafy greens c. celery and carrot sticks d. watermelon with seeds
b. leafy greens Whole grapes, watermelon with seeds, celery, and carrots are choking hazards for children until the age of 4 years.
A father is concerned because his baby spits up a small amount of formula after many feedings. Which of the following should the nurse recommend? a. "Invert the infant to burp her." b. "Shorten the feeding time." c. "Burp the infant more often." d. "Switch to an antireflux formula."
c. "Burp the infant more often." Spitting up a small amount of formula during or after a feeding is normal. The infant should be fed more slowly and burped more frequently to help alleviate spitting up. Burping can be accomplished by gently rubbing or patting the infant's back as he or she is held on the shoulder, lies on his or her stomach over the caregiver's lab, or sits in an upright position.
What teaching points will the nurse recommend in a newborn class to help alleviate spit up from formula fed infants? Select all that apply. a. Encourage the infant to finish every bottle. b. Prop the bottle for independent feeding. c. Feed the infant more slowly. d. Jiggle the bottle and make extra movements. e. Burp the infant more frequently.
c. Feed the infant more slowly & e. Burp the infant more frequently Spitting up of a small amount of formula during or after a feeding is normal. Feed the infant more slowly and burp more frequently to help alleviate spitting up. Avoid jiggling the bottle and making extra movements that could distract the infant from feeding. Bottles should never be propped for independent feeding. Never force the infant to finish a bottle or to take more than they want.
A new parent is asking for ways to help their child develop healthy eating habits. Which of the following is a recommendation for creating a positive eating environment? a. Provide frequent snacks so that the child is not hungry. b. Have toddlers eat with utensils. c. Toys, books, and/or screens should be removed from the table. d. Have the child eat alone.
c. Toys, books, and/or screens should be removed from the table. Healthy child-feeding practices are critical for helping children develop healthy eating habits later in life. Toys, books, and/or screens should not be used during mealtime to avoid distracted eating. Children should not be pressured or cajoled into eating more. Avoid empty calorie foods. Hot dogs, burgers, pizza, cookies, cakes, and candy are only occasional treats. Sweet drinks, such as flavored milk, plant-based milks (except for soymilk), artificially sweetened drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and caffeinated drinks, should be avoided. Portions offered should be small. Allow the child to ask for more. Give children the opportunity to improve self-feeding skills, even though it may be messy. Toddlers and preschoolers are often ready to leave the table after 15 to 20 minutes -- food should be removed from the table at that time. Eating with the family is associated with better diet quality and lower rates of overweight/obesity and less disordered eating.
A baby is 9 months old and can hold a cup and spoon feed himself. His development is _____ for his age. a. behind b. appropriate c. ahead d. months behind
c. ahead Developmental skills for 10 to 12 months include beginning to hold a cup, put spoon in mouth, and self spoon feed with help. This child is younger than 10 to 12 months.
To help infants older than 6 months of age obtain adequate iron, which of the following types of meat would be best? a. poultry b. cold cuts c. red meat d. hot dogs
c. red meat Chicken and turkey provide less heme iron than red meats. Hot dogs, sausages, and cold cuts are lower in iron and zinc than plain meats.
The nurse is providing education to parents of a toddler who are concerned about creating a positive eating environment for their child. Which of the following should the child be able to decide? a. when to eat b. which foods to eat c. whether to eat d. where to eat
c. whether to eat Parents should decide what foods the child is offered, when the child eats, and where the eating takes place; the child should decide whether he or she wants to eat.
What is the definition of milk anemia? a. A child does not consume enough milk and/or dairy based on the recommended amount. b. The milk a child drinks comes from a source with low amounts of iron. c. The milk from a lactating mother does not have the proper nutrients to support the growing infant . d. A child drinks too much milk which displaces the intake of iron-rich foods.
d. A child drinks too much milk which displaces the intake of iron-rich foods. Milk anemia is an iron deficiency anemia related to excessive milk intake, which displaces the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet. It does not refer to inadequate milk consumption, adquate nutrients in breast milk, or milk that is low in iron.
The nurse is providing nutritional education to the parents of a group of toddler aged children. Which of the following children will likely consume the most food? a. A larger, sedentary child b. A smaller, sedentary child c. A smaller, active child d. A larger, active child
d. A larger, active child Total calorie needs steadily increase, although calories per kilogram of body weight progressively fall. Sedentary boys need an average intake of 1400 to 1600 cal/day and sedentary girls need 1200 to 1400 cal/day. An additional 200 cal/day are recommended for children who are moderately active, and another increase of 200 cal/day may be needed for those who are active. These are calorie estimates, not prescriptions, and counting calories is not appropriate. The challenge in childhood is to meet nutrient requirements without exceeding calorie needs.
Which of the following would be true of the total calorie needs of a four-year-old girl and a six-year-old girl? a. They need the same amount of calories. b. The four-year-old needs more total calories. c. The six-year-old needs more calories per kilogram of body weight. d. The six-year-old needs more total calories.
d. The six-year-old needs more total calories. Total calorie needs steadily increase during childhood, although calorie needs per kilogram of body weight progressively fall.
Parental support for a healthier lifestyle is vital to children. Parents also recognize that setting a good example for their children is important. Why do some parents who are overweight feel they cannot set a good example in diet and nutrition for their children? a. They feel their children do not listen to them. b. They feel their children eat fast food too often. c. They feel their children are not motivated. d. They feel they cannot practice what they preach.
d. They feel they cannot practice what they preach. Some parents who are overweight may feel they cannot set a good example because they do not practice what they preach.
After a child is born, when is growth faster than at any other time in a lifespan? a. toddler years b. first 6 months c. adolescence d. first 12 months
d. first 12 months Excluding fetal growth, growth in the first year of life is more rapid than at any other time in the life cycle.
Which foods are youth ages 5 to 18 most likely to eat in inadequate amounts? Select all that apply. a. Whole grains b. Vegetables c. Fruits d. Meat
a. Whole grains, b. Vegetables & c. Fruits
A mother asks why toddlers shouldn't drink all the milk they want. Which of the following is the nurse's best response? a. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk can displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and increase the toddler's risk of iron deficiency anemia." b. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk increases the risk of milk allergy." c. "Too much milk can lead to overhydration." d. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk will provide too much calcium."
a. "Consuming more than the recommended amount of milk can displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and increase the toddler's risk of iron deficiency anemia."
The nurse is correct to tell a family that their child should begin adult sized portions of food at what age? a. Age 4-6 b. Age 10-12 c. Age 1-3 d. After puberty begins
a. Age 4-6 A rule-of-thumb guideline to determine age-appropriate serving sizes is to provide 1 tbsp of food per year of age (e.g., the serving size for a 3-year-old is 3 tbsp). By ages 4 to 6 years, recommended serving sizes are similar to those for adults.
The nurse is seeing a parent with an 11-year-old boy for a well child visit. The parent expresses concern that the child has not grown as tall as the parent expected by this age. How should the nurse respond? a. "Your son should have started a growth spurt by now." b. "A growth spurt should begin in about one year." c. "Growth should end by 14 years." d. "Peak growth should finish within the next year."
b. "A growth spurt should begin in about one year." The slow growth of childhood abruptly and dramatically increases with pubescence until the rate is nearly as rapid as that of early infancy. Adolescence is a period of physical, emotional, social, and sexual maturation. Approximately 15% to 20% of adult height and 50% of adult weight are gained during adolescence
A parent is asking the school health nurse how much her son is expected to grow before he reaches puberty. Which is the correct response from the nurse? a. "He will only grow after reaching puberty." b. "He will grow 2 to 3 inches per year." c. "He will gain 2 to 3 pounds per year." d. "He will grow 5 inches."
b. "He will grow 2 to 3 inches per year." Physical growth rate during childhood is slow and steady. Annually, children gain an average of 7 pounds and 2.5 inches in height. Body fat increases in preparation for the adolescent growth spurt.
Obesity prevention strategies for children and adolescents with a healthy BMI include permanent lifestyle modifications aimed at the following: a. Obtaining less sleep b. Consuming a nutrient-dense healthy eating pattern c. Increasing sedentary activity d. Decreasing physical activity
b. Consuming a nutrient-dense healthy eating pattern The goals of obesity treatment are to improve long-term physical and psychosocial health by establishing permanent healthy lifestyle behaviors and changes to the environment where the child or adolescent lives (Hagan et al., 2017). Stages of obesity treatment are outlined in Box 13.11. Obesity prevention strategies for children and adolescents with a healthy BMI include permanent lifestyle modifications (Box 13.10) aimed at the following: Consuming a nutrient-dense healthy eating pattern, decreasing sedentary behaviors, increasing physical activity and obtaining adequate sleep.
When screening an adolescent for obesity, which risk factors will the nurse recognize? Select all that apply. a. Access to fruits and vegetables b. Low family income c. Female gender d. Parental obesity e. Inadequate sleep
b. Low family income, d. Parental obesity & e. Inadequate sleep Although all children and adolescents are at risk for obesity, certain specific risk factors have been identified, namely parental obesity, poor diet (e.g., consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and calorie-dense foods), low levels of physical activity, inadequate sleep, sedentary behaviors, such as high amounts of screen time and low family income. Gender and access to fruits and vegetables are not identified among the risk factors.
A 13-year-old pregnant teen had BMI of 20 before pregnancy. How many pounds should she gain during pregnancy? a. 7-10 b. 30 to 50 c. 30-35 d. 7 to 25
c. 30-35 Teenagers within the healthy BMI range should gain 25 to 35 pounds or more during pregnancy if they are very young. A BMI of 20 for a 12-year-old is in the healthy weight range.
The nurse is helping a mother plan snacks for an 18-month-old child. Which of the following snacks should the nurse recommend the mother include in the child's eating pattern? a. air-popped popcorn b. skim milk c. banana bread d. bagel with jam
c. banana bread Quick breaks such as banana, date, or pumpkin bread; whole-grain bread, crackers, cookies, and muffins; fruits without sugar; air-popped popcorn (not before age 4 years); and skim or 1% milk (after age 2 years) can be healthy snacks.
A new father is asking for ways to help his child develop healthy eating habits. Which of the following is a recommendation for creating a positive eating environment? a. Use food as a reward. b. Serve only the foods the parents like. c. Limit fat when the child is very young. d. Never force a child to eat.
d. Never force a child to eat. Never force a child to eat; if a healthy child is hungry, he or she will eat. Offer a variety of foods, not just the ones the parents like. Fat and cholesterol should not be limited in the diets of very young children. Do not use food to reward, punish, bribe, or convey love.
The nurse recognizes that females in comparison with boys will have which of the following physical differences? a. have more bone growth. b. have more muscle mass. c. require more calories. d. have more fat tissue.
d. have more fat tissue. Females require fewer calories than males because they have proportionally more fat tissue and less muscle mass from the effects of estrogen. Girls also experience less bone growth than boys.
Which of the following is among the top five major sources of calories in 14- to 18-year-olds? a. steak b. ice cream c. fried onions d. pizza pretzels
d. pizza pretzels Empty calorie intake far exceeds empty calorie allowance in all age-sex groups. The five major sources of calories among 14- to 18-year olds are soda, pizza, grain desserts, yeast breads, and chicken
Which of the following formulas has the HIGHEST concentration of calories? a. enriched b. term with added long-chain fatty acids c. term d. preterm
d. preterm Preterm formula has 24 calories per ounce, enriched formula has 22 calories per ounce, and term formulas have 20 calories per ounce.
A family is concerned about isoflavones and wants to consume foods with minimal or no isoflavones. Which of the following infant formulas should they avoid? a. antireflux formula b. term with added long-chain fatty acids c. enriched d. soy
d. soy Isoflavones are found in soy formulas.
A study found that normal-weight teenage girls were ____ as likely to attend college as obese female adolescents. a. half b. four times c. one quarter d. twice
d. twice Obese girls were half as likely to attend college as normal-weight girls.
Which is a nutrient of concern particularly for adolescent girls? a. Vitamin A b. Protein c. Zinc d. Folic acid
d. Folic acid
Which recommendation(s) will the nurse give to parents to best guide their toddlers to make healthy food choices and thereby decrease the risk of overweight, obesity and disordered eating? Select all that apply. a. Parents determine what food is served. b. Cater to the child's likes and dislikes of food. c. Children will learn to eat the food their parents eat. d. Parents determine when food is served. e. Allow children to have unscheduled meal and snack times.
a. Parents determine what food is served, c. Children will learn to eat the food their parents eat & d. Parents determine when food is served. As the infant becomes a toddler, parents determine what food is served, when food is served, and where it is served. Dividing feeding responsibilities into parental tasks and child tasks helps children become competent eaters who are able to self-regulate intake, thereby decreasing the risk of overweight/obesity and disordered eating (Box 13.6). Parents' feeding jobs: Choose and prepare the food, provide regular meals and snacks, make eating times pleasant, step-by-step, show children by example how to behave at family mealtime, be considerate of children's lack of food experience without catering to likes and dislikes, do not let children have food or beverages (except for water) between meal and snack times, let children grow up to get bodies that are right for them. Children's eating jobs: Children will eat, they will eat the amount they need, they will learn to eat the food their parents eat, they will grow predictably and they will learn to behave well at mealtime.
Which of the following about general growth during adolescence is CORRECT? a. Peak growth of females occurs before that of males. b. Growth spurts in males occur before those in females. c. Height gains occur before weight gains. d. Females stop growing taller before boys do.
a. Peak growth of females occurs before that of males. Girls generally experience increases in growth between 10 and 11 years of age and peak at 12 years. Because peak weight occurs before peak height, many girls and parents become concerned about what appears to be excess weight. In contrast, boys usually begin the growth spurt at about 12 years of age and peak at 14 years. Stature growth ceases at a median age of approximately 21 years.
Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true? a. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been increasing in the United States for 4 decades. b. Despite an increase in obesity in youth, chronic conditions have not affected them as much as adults. c. All overweight and obese teenagers become obese adults. d. 50% of children and adolescents are overweight or obese.
a. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been increasing in the United States for 4 decades. Youth who are obese are at risk for becoming obese adults; the higher the degree of excess weight, the more likely obesity will persist into adulthood. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been increasing in the United States for 4 decades (Skinner et al., 2018). Currently, 41% of children and adolescents are overweight or obese, and the prevalence is higher among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black children and adolescents than non-Hispanic Asians and Whites. Chronic conditions related to obesity previously seen only in adults, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cardiovascular disease, are now affecting an increasing number of adolescents and even children
Calorie requirements during adolescence a. are higher than during adulthood because of growth and developmental changes. b. peak early (e.g., ages 12 and 13) and then fall until adulthood is reached. c. are lower than during childhood. d. do not change from middle childhood.
a. are higher than during adulthood because of growth and developmental changes.
Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants: a. may be programmed to different dietary habits later. b. consume more protein per kilogram of body weight. c. have less appetite regulation later. d. are more often given foods earlier than 4 months.
a. may be programmed to different dietary habits later. It is postulated that early exposure to differences in taste may program infants to different food selection and dietary habits. Formula-fed infants consume more protein per kilogram than breastfed infants. Breastfeeding during early infancy is associated with greater appetite regulation later in childhood. Breastfed infants are less likely to be given complementary foods at less than 4 months of age.
The nurse knows her instructions about introducing solids into the infant's diet have been effective when the mother states, a. "Babies should be introduced to solid foods at 1 to 3 months of age." b. "New foods should be given for at least 3 days so that allergic responses can be easily identified." c. "Infants are more likely to accept infant cereal for the first time if it is mixed with breast milk or formula and given from a bottle." d. "The appropriate initial serving size for solids is 1 to 2 tbsp."
b. "New foods should be given for at least 3 days so that allergic responses can be easily identified."
A nurse is providing nutrition education for a group of caregivers. Which of the following should the nurse recommend for formula feeding? a. "Put babies to bed with formula bottles to help them sleep." b. "Stop feeding when babies turn away from bottles, as this is a sign that they are finished." c. "Feed babies every time they cry, since crying means that they are hungry." d. "Ensure that babies finish their bottles to make sure they get enough nutrients."
b. "Stop feeding when babies turn away from bottles, as this is a sign that they are finished." Signs that an infant is finished include biting the nipple, puckering the face, and turning away from the bottle. Caregivers should recognize that babies cry for reasons other than hunger and should not be fed every time they cry, nor should infants be forced to finish their bottles. To avoid nursing bottle caries, infants and children should not be put to bed with a bottle of formula, milk, juice, or other sweetened liquid.
Brianna was 6 pounds at birth. Her weight will be approximately ____ pounds by 4 to 6 months and approximately ____ pounds by 12 months. a. 18, 24 b. 12, 18 c. 10, 18 d. 12, 16
b. 12, 18 Birth weight doubles by 4 to 6 months of age and triples by the first birthday.
A five-year-old male is above the 85th percentile with a BMI of approximately: a. 28 b. 17 c. 18 d. 19
b. 17 A five-year-old male is above the 85th percentile with a BMI of approximately 17. A BMI of 18 would be in the 95th percentile. A BMI of 19 or 28 would be in the 97th percentile.
For a 13-year-old girl with moderate activity, the recommended daily calorie intake is ____ calories. a. 2200 b. 2000 c. 1800 d. 260
b. 2000 The daily amount of calories recommended for moderately active girls 12 to 18 years is 2000.
The nurse determines that an adolescent client's BMI is 32, placing the client's BMI-for-age at the 97th percentile. The nurse understands that this client's risk for adult diabetes is approximately how much greater than that of an adolescent with a healthy weight? a. 100% b. 300% c. 10% d. 30%
b. 300% A high BMI (or BMI-for-age) during adolescence increases adult diabetes risk by almost threefold, or 300%.
A seven-year-old child is in the normal weight range for the age. What percentile range does this correspond to on the standard growth chart? a. greater than 95th percentile b. 5th to 85th percentile c. 85th to 95th percentile d. less than 5th percentile
b. 5th to 85th percentile Children who are within the 5th to 85th percentile on the standard growth chart are considered to be of healthy, normal weight.
Which of the following would be the best snack for a 2-year-old? a. Popcorn b. Banana slices c. Fresh cherries d. Raw celery
b. Banana slices
The school health nurse is seeing a 10-year-old girl and her mother about weight concerns. Which factor will the nurse explain to the mother may be lower in overweight or obese girls than in thin girls? a. Social isolation b. Quality of life c. Inactivity d. Substance abuse
b. Quality of life Youth who are obese are at risk for becoming obese adults; the higher the degree of excess weight, the more likely obesity will persist into adulthood (Singh et al., 2008). Chronic conditions related to obesity previously seen only in adults, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cardiovascular disease, are now affecting an increasing number of adolescents and even children (Hagan et al., 2017). Children and adolescents with obesity are also more likely to experience psychological concerns (e.g., anxiety, depression) and social concerns (bullying, stigmatization), which affect quality of life. Substance abuse, inactivity, and social isolation are not factors that are lower among overweight or obese girls.
The client asks if her 10-year-old daughter needs a weight loss diet. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response? a. "Rather than a diet at this age, you should just forbid her to eat sweets and empty calories." b. "Because prevention of overweight is more effective than treatment, you should start to limit her calorie intake by only serving low-fat and artificially sweetened foods." c. "Ten-year-old girls are about to enter the growth spurt of puberty, and it is natural for her to gain weight before she grows taller. Diets are not recommended for children, although healthy eating and moderation are always appropriate." d. "She needs extra calories for the upcoming growth spurt, so you should be encouraging her to eat more than she normally does."
c. "Ten-year-old girls are about to enter the growth spurt of puberty, and it is natural for her to gain weight before she grows taller. Diets are not recommended for children, although healthy eating and moderation are always appropriate."
The nurse knows which of the following is true about preterm infant formula? a. Is used for infants born 34 to 36 weeks of gestation b. Is used at home for the first few months c. Contains more calories and some nutrients than term formulas d. Contains fewer calories than enriched formula
c. Contains more calories and some nutrients than term formulas Preterm formulas are designed to promote "catch-up growth." They are higher than routine formulas in calories, protein, and certain minerals. Premature infant discharge formulas are less calorically dense than preterm formulas but higher in calories than term formulas. They are used to supplement breastfed preterm infants
The nurse is discussing lifestyle modification strategies with a 15-year-old female who is concerned about developing obesity. Which of the following should the nurse recommend? a. Consume artificially sweetened beverages. b. Eat directly from the package of foods. c. Increase the nutrient density of meals. d. Eliminate eating breakfast each day.
c. Increase the nutrient density of meals. The goals of obesity treatment are to improve long-term physical and psychosocial health by establishing permanent healthy lifestyle behaviors and changes to the environment where the child or adolescent lives. Obesity prevention strategies for children and adolescents with a healthy BMI include permanent lifestyle modifications aimed at the following: Consuming a nutrient-dense healthy eating pattern, decreasing sedentary behaviors, increasing physical activity, obtaining adequate sleep.
Which of the following is a nutrient that is deficient in some older American infants? a. Protein b. Sodium c. Iron d. Preformed vitamin A
c. Iron Iron is found to be deficient in some older American infants. Around 6 months of age, breast milk or formulas are not adequate as the sole source of nutrition and nutrient-dense, developmentally appropriate complementary foods become necessary. Complementary foods, also known as solids, are added to the infant's diet at about 6 months of age and when the infant is developmentally ready. Infant iron stores are usually adequate for about the first 6 months of life so the first solids offered should be iron-rich foods, such as meats, seafood, and iron-fortified infant cereals. Iron-fortified cereal or pureed foods are usually recommended as first foods; there is no evidence to support any particular order or rate for introducing other solids. Protein, preformed vitamin A, and sodium are not typically deficient in this demographic.
Which of the following is a nutrient that is a concern in some toddlers who drink milk? a. fat b. sodium c. Low iron d. vitamin A preformed
c. Low iron Whole milk becomes a major source of nutrients, including fat; children between the ages of 1 and 2 years have a relatively higher need for fat to support rapid growth and development. However, milk intake should not exceed 2 to 3 cups per day because, in greater amounts, it may displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and promote milk anemia.
The public health nurse is offering information for parents on nutrition for children. Which of the following is an effective strategy for getting a child on the path to healthy eating? a. Choose how much the child will eat. b. Teach the child to take what he or she will eat and not go back for more. c. Offer new foods many times. d. Have children eat separately from parents.
c. Offer new foods many times. Sometimes new foods take time. Children should be given a taste at first, and parents should be patient with them. It is helpful for the family to eat together; children learns by watching others. The child should be allowed to choose how much to eat. Children should be taught to take small amounts at first. with the understanding that they can get more if they are still hungry.
The nurse is admitting a 1-year-old infant to the pediatric unit with dehydration and flu-like symptoms. The infant's mother is concerned about her ability to continue to breastfeed her baby. The nurse recognizes this will affect the child's nutritional status. Which of the following nursing diagnosis would be MOST appropriate in this situation? a. Risk of altered nutrition: risk of ineffective feeding b. Risk of altered nutrition: risk of excess fluid volume c. Risk of altered nutrition: interrupted feeding d. Risk of altered nutrition: risk of decreased fluid volume
c. Risk of altered nutrition: interrupted feeding The most appropriate nursing diagnosis is "Risk of altered nutrition: interrupted feeding" due to the infant being breastfed. The child might not be willing to use a bottle, or the mother might not be on the unit when the child wants to eat. The mother should be encouraged to pump her breast milk and bring it to the unit if not contraindicated.
An infant's parents are vegans and would like to raise their children on vegan diets. Which infant formula should the nurse recommend? a. Enriched b. Preterm with added long-chain fatty acids c. Soy d. Lactose-free
c. Soy Categories of infant formulas for full-term and preterm infants include the following: Cow's milk-based formulas account for 69% of formulas used; most being iron fortified, soy formulas, according to AAP, there are few circumstances for choosing soy formula over cow's milk-based formula. However in this specific question the soy formula contains soy rather than cow's milk, removing this animal source as per their wishes. Hydrolyzed formulas are intended for infants with cow's milk and soy protein allergies. Specialized formulas are specifically altered to be lacking or deficient in one or more nutrients (e.g., phenylalanine) so are not suitable for healthy infants. Preterm formulas are designed to promote "catch-up growth." They are higher than routine formulas in calories, protein, and certain minerals.
The school health nurse is seeing a 15 year old client who asks how much of her adult weight she has likely already gained. The correct response is which of the following? a. The client has gained about one fifth of her adults weight. b. The client has gained 15% of her adult weight c. The client has gained half of her adult weight d. The client has already gained most of her adult weight
c. The client has gained half of her adult weight Approximately 50% of adult weight is gained during adolescence.
A baby is 7 months old and can sit without being supported, puts food between her jaws, and eats mashed food from a spoon. Her development is _____ for her age. a. slightly ahead b. behind c. appropriate d. months ahead
c. appropriate Developmental skills for age 5 to 9 months include beginning to sit alone unsupported, positioning foods between the jaws for chewing, beginning to eat mashed foods, and eating from a spoon.
The nurse is seeing a teenaged client who is pregnant and has a BMI of 20. The nurse should recommend the client gain how much weight? a. less weight for their BMI than older women. b. enough to increase BMI by 1 or 2. c. approximately 35 lbs d. no weight if they were overweight before pregnancy.
c. approximately 35 lbs Adolescents within the healthy BMI range should gain approximately 35 pounds to reduce the risk of delivering an LBW infant.
The nurse is discussing breastfeeding with a new mom. The nurse is correct in telling the new mom that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends which of the following? a. breastfeeding for 3 months, then switching to solid foods. b. formula with breastfeeding for the first 6 months. c. breastfeeding for at least the first 12 months. d. supplemented formula for the first 3 months.
c. breastfeeding for at least the first 12 months. The AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, with few exceptions. Even after solid foods have been introduced, breastfeeding should be continued until at least 12 months of age.
The nurse is seeing a client with her infant for a well baby visit. The client breastfeeds exclusively. The nurse correctly informs the client that her child should not receive what supplement until 6 months of age? a. vitamin K b. vitamin D c. fluoride d. iron
c. fluoride Fluoride should not be given during the first 6 months of life. Intramuscular vitamin K is recommended after the first feeding and within the first 6 hours of life. Supplementation with 400 IU of Vitamin D begins soon after birth and continues until the child routinely receives adequate amounts from other sources; for breastfed or partially breastfed infants, that may not be until after they begin consuming whole milk at age 12 months or later. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that breastfeed and partially breastfed infants be given supplemental iron (1 mg/kg/day of a liquid preparation) starting at 4 months. Infants who consume formula exclusively likely receive adequate iron and vitamin D without additional supplementation.
Decreased levels of which of the following minerals can increase the risk of small-for-gestational age births in pregnant adolescents? a. folate b. fat c. iron d. vitamin D
c. iron Compared with adult women, pregnant adolescents may have poor intake and status of certain micronutrients, such as folate, iron, and vitamin D, which increases the risk of small-for-gestational age births in pregnant adolescents. Folate and vitamin D are vitamins, and iron is a mineral.
A nurse is providing nutrition education for a group of parents. Which of the following should she recommend for formula feeding? a. "Jiggle the bottle so that the infant is encouraged to finish it." b. "Hold the infant so that the head is lower than the body." c. "Liquids should not drip from an inverted bottle." d. "Be consistent about formula temperature."
d. "Be consistent about formula temperature." Formula may be given at room temperature, slightly warmed, or directly from the refrigerator; however, always give formula at approximately the same temperature each time. Position the infant so that the head is higher than the rest of the body. Avoid jiggling the bottle and making extra movements that could distract the infant from feeding. A steady drop from the nipple should be observed from an upside-down bottle.
A client tells the nurse that she does not eat chocolate because she is prone to acne. How should the nurse respond? a. "That is incorrect, since chocolate decreases acne." b. "That is not necessary, since diet is not linked to acne." c. "That might help, since diet causes acne." d. "That might help, since diet can aggravate acne"
d. "That might help, since diet can aggravate acne" Scientific evidence does not demonstrate that diet causes acne, but diet may aggravate it. The implicated dietary factors are a high glycemic diet and dairy products.
Which statement indicates the mother understands the nurse's instructions about breastfeeding? a. "Breastfeeding should only last 5 minutes on each breast." b. "Sometimes, babies cry just because they are thirsty, so a bottle of water should be offered before breastfeeding begins to see if the infant is just thirsty." c. "The longer the baby sucks, the less milk I will have for the next feeding." d. "The first breast offered should be alternated with each feeding."
d. "The first breast offered should be alternated with each feeding."
The nurse is seeing 12 year old regarding concerns about eating and growth. The nurse is correct to inform the client that he should be having how much calcium daily? a. 1000mg b. 500mg c. 2700mg d. 1300mg
d. 1300mg For males and females from age 9 to 18 years, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium is 1300 mg—higher than at any other time in the life cycle.
A client has a BMI of 16 when she is two years old. She can maintain this BMI until she is ___ years old before she would be classified as underweight. a. 4 b. 17 c. 20 d. 14
d. 14 A BMI of 16 is in the healthy weight range for girls from age 2 to 14 years old.
The school health nurse is seeing a 12 year old female who asks when she is likely to stop growing taller. Which answer should the nurse give the child? a. 12 years old. b. 14 years old. c. 10 to 11 years old. d. 21 years old.
d. 21 years old. Stature growth ceases at a median age of approximately 21 years.
The nurse is seeing an adolescent client who frequently skips meals. Which of the following information can the nurse offer the client about this eating behavior? a. Skipping breakfast decreases as children grow older. b. White teens skip breakfast more than African-American teens. c. More teenage boys skip breakfast than teenage girls. d. Children who skip breakfast may also exercise infrequently.
d. Children who skip breakfast may also exercise infrequently. Adolescent females are more likely to skip breakfast than males of similar age, and African American adolescents are more likely to skip breakfast than White adolescents. Overall, breakfast skipping tends to increase with age and seems to be associated with other lifestyle factors that may be detrimental to health such as dieting and infrequent exercise.
The nurse recognizes which of the following statements about breastfeeding is CORRECT? a. The longer an infant breastfeeds, the higher the rate of weight gain during infancy. b. The less an infant breastfeeds, the lower the risk of overweight and obesity in toddlers and preschoolers. c. Exclusive breastfeeding is related to increased weight in toddlers and preschoolers. d. Exclusive breastfeeding is related to decreased rate of weight gain in infancy.
d. Exclusive breastfeeding is related to decreased rate of weight gain in infancy. Breastfeeding duration and exclusivity have been inversely related to the rate of weight gain during infancy and with weight and risk of overweight and obesity in toddlers and preschoolers. Reference:
The Healthy Eating index-2015 found that one of the reasons overall diet quality for all childhood age and ethnic groups is excessive intake of which of the following? a. Dietary Fiber b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Sodium
d. Sodium Across the 5 to 8-year-old, 9 to 13-year-old, and 14 to 18-year-old age groupings, consumption of total vegetables, all vegetable subgroups, fruit, dairy, whole grains, and seafood was below recommended levels of intake. Consumption of refined grains, added sugar, saturated fat, and sodium was above recommended levels of intake.
A client is a new mother. Which of the following is correct advice about breastfeeding? a. Avoid pumping during growth spurts. b. Give cow's milk in a bottle if the infant is weaned before 1 year of age. c. Give water in a bottle when the weather is hot. d. To help maintain milk production, avoid formula
d. To help maintain milk production, avoid formula Early substitution of formula or introduction of solid foods may decrease the chance of maintaining lactation.
During a one-day diet analysis, a three-year-old child ate 1 cup of fruit, 1.5 cups of vegetables, 4 ounces of grains, 4 ounces of proteins, and 2.5 cups of milk. According to the Healthy Eating for Preschoolers Daily Food Plan, his intake was: a. below the recommended daily range for some food groups and above for other food groups. b. above the recommended daily range for some food groups. c. below the recommended daily range for some food groups. d. at the recommended daily range for all food groups.
d. at the recommended daily range for all food groups. The Daily Food Plan lists 1 to 1.5 cups of fruit, 1.5 cups of vegetables, 4 to 5 ounces of grains, 3 to 4 ounces of proteins, and 2.5 cups of dairy for 3-year-old preschoolers.
