Chapter 13: Nutrition LS

In order to prevent obesity in preschool-age children, exposure to TV and digital media should be limited to less than *blank* hours per day

2

What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant women whose prepregnancy BMI category was considered a healthy weight?

25 to 35 pounds

Childhood obesity is defined by exhibiting a BMI-for-age at or above the______

95th percentile

What are the characteristics of the fetus as the second trimester begins?

about 2.5-3 inches long; fully formed arms, legs, feet, and toes; weighs about an ounce

The time to remedy faulty lifestyle practices and increase chances of having a healthy pregnancy and baby is ______ pregnancy

before

Scientists who study the biology of aging are called

biogereontologist

Routine prenatal health care includes measuring______

blood glucose levels; uterine growth; blood pressure

The initial form of breast milk that is a yellowish fluid is called

colostrum

The major intestinal tract problem experienced by older adults is

constipation

What are the adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia in children?

decrease in learning ability; decrease in stamina; lowered resistance to disease

An infant _____ its birth weight within the first 4 to 6 months and _____ its birth weight by age one

doubles; triples

What are some things women with morning sickness can do to reduce nausea?

eating crackers; drinking water

Gestational hypertension is characterized by______

edema; hypertension; rapid weight gain

Choose healthy approaches to treating childhood obesity

encourage more physical activity; balance calorie intake with physical activity without slowing normal growth; maintain weight rather than losing weight

Which of the following are good food sources to increase iron intake in children?

enriched bread; lean meat; cereals

Which factors may contribute to older adults finding it difficult to eat nutritious meals?

fixed incomes; living alone

The best way to reduce constipation during pregnancy is to consume adequate amounts of______

fluid; fiber

obese

gain 11-20 lbs

overweight

gain 15-25 lbs

Who is at risk of having an iron deficiency?

girls with heavy menstrual blood losses; adolescent boys during growth spurt

Which of the following foods should not be fed to infants?

goat's milk; raw carrots; whole nuts

Why are the caloric and micro/macronutrient needs per kilogram of body weight of children less than the needs of infants?

growth rate slows down from infancy to childhood; therefore, a child's needs are less than those of an infant

Some biological factors that contribute to childhood obesity include______

having overfat parents; having a mother who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy; having a mother who was overfat during pregnancy

As the fetus grows, the uterus pushes upward in the mother's abdominal cavity, applying pressure on her stomach and causing

heartburn

Stomach acid spilling from the stomach into the esophagus causes _____

heartburn

Factors that influence an older person's nutritional status include______

illness; medications; low income

Please select the two best methods by which iron status may be increased in preschool-age children.

include a few ounces of lean meat in the child's diet; include iron-fortified breakfast cereals in the child's diet

What do pediatricians recommend as the first solid food?

infant rice cereal

Declines in strength and basal metabolism in the older adult may be attributed to a _____

loss of muscle mass

What contributes to poor B-12 absorption in older adults and may eventually lead to the development of pernicious anemia?

low secretions of hydrochloric acid; low levels of intrinsic factor

Nutrition-related signs of pregnancy include _____

morning sickness; extreme tiredness; constipation

Recommendations to reduce the likelihood of obesity in preschool-age children include______

new mothers should breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months; communities should provide opportunities for physical activity

What is the energy requirement during the first trimester?

no change from the nonrpregnant EER

Which age group is one of the fastest-growing segments of the United States population?

oldest old

low birth weight is associated with *blank* births and includes a weight of less than *blank* pounds

premature; five and a half

What hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the development of milk-producing tissue in the breast?

prolactin

How should parents foster positive eating behaviors in children?

provide a variety of healthy foods every day; avoid nagging or bribing children to eat

Which factors may lead to weight loss in older adults?

reduced ability to taste or smell food; difficulties with swallowing food; decline in cognitive function

Which of the following are benefits of physical activity during pregnancy?

reduced edema; improved strength; enhanced muscle tone

Normal physiological changes that occur with aging include______

reduced saliva and gastric acid secretion; graying hair; wrinkling of skin

Which statement is true about snacking?

snacking can be part of an overall healthy diet

conception occurs when

the male's sperm enter the female's egg cell

Which of the following statements is true regarding a nutritional "fountain of youth?

there are no nutrients that promise a "fountain of youth"

Why is folate so important during pregnancy?

to support rapid cell division

Choose the risks associated with the mother and infant when the mom is overweight during pregnancy

type 2 diabetes; high birth weight infant; hypertension

Choose the foods that are not appropriate to feed an infant

unpasteurized milk; honey; soft drinks

A loss in the ability to taste or smell food, tooth loss, depression, and reduced mobility and flexibility all contribute to _____

weight loss in the elderly

Choose reasons why cow's milk is not a good choice to feed infants.

it does not contain enough essential fatty acids; infants have difficulty digesting casein, the major protein in cow's milk; it is too high in calcium, sodium, and potassium

The foundation of an infant's diet should be human milk or iron-fortified infant formula during the first ______

year

Which of the following best explains the fatigue seen in women during pregnancy?

lower concentration of RBCs in the blood stream

For a typical, healthy lactating mother,______

milk production amounts to over 3 cups per day; increased suckling leads to increased milk supply

What can relatives and friends do to ensure that an elderly person's nutrient needs are being met?

monitor weight; observe foods that are being offered; visit during mealtimes

What is the term used to define the term from conception until the birth of a full-term infant?

gestation

What puts people who are over 70 years of age at risk for nutrient deficiencies?

food intake decreases due to declines in metabolic rates and physical activity; despite lower energy needs, older adults need the same or higher amounts of vitamins and minerals

healthy weight

gain 25-35 lbs

underweight

gain 28-40 lbs

Which dietary factor contributes the most to inadequate calcium consumption among teenagers?

increased consumption of soft drinks

What are some physiological changes that occur to a woman's body when she becomes pregnant?

increased levels of several hormones; increased breast size; increased blood volume

Choose the specific life stages used for nutrition recommendations

infancy; childhood; adolescence; older adult; prenatal period; lactation

Which of the following is true about infant formulas?

infant formulas are a safe and nutritionally adequate source of nutrients for babies

Which of the following is true about breastfed babies?

infants rarely develop allergic reactions to food proteins that enter breast milk; a mother with food allergies may be able to prevent allergies in her infant if she breastfeeds exclusively for 4 months

What are common nutrition-related problems that affect preschool children?

iron deficiency; dental caries; food allergies; obesity

Which of the following nutrients are at increased risk of deficiency during a vegetarian/vegan diet?

iron; B12; calcium

fluoride, *blank*, and vitamin *blank* are relatively low in human milk

iron; D

Who is at risk for delivering low-birth-weight infants?

women from 45 to 54 years of age; women under 15 years of age; smokers