Chapter 13 Psychosocial and cognitive factors in adulthood

Long term memory

-Declarative memory •Episodic memory •Semantic memory -Procedural memory

Barriers to Exercise in Young and Middle Aged Adults

-Lack of time -Laziness -Work responsibilities

Short term Memory

-Working memory -Primary memory

attitudes toward a behavior are dependent on two factors

1. The belief that the behavior will produce a specified outcome 2. The individual's desire for attaining the specified outcome

What Compromises Intention?

1.The attitude toward the behavior 2.Perceived social pressures about the behavior 3.Perceived behavioral control

Socializing Agent

Family, friends, community members

Intentions to Exercise

One of the greatest factors affecting exercise adherence is simply an individual's intention to exercise

Social Support

Perceived social support is a significant factor in exercise adherence

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

Self-efficacy determines -If an individual is even going to attempt a task -How persistent an individual will be amid challenges -The final outcome (successful maintenance of an exercise program or failure to adhere to the program)

Kirschenbaum & Self-Regulation

Stage1:ProblemIdentification Stage 2:Commitment Stage3:Execution Stage4:Environmental Management Stage 5: Generalization

True or False: It is important to distinguish psychological and sociocultural factors in adulthood from those in childhood, as they can change quite considerably.

True

True or False: Loss of social network and ageism can have a negative impact

True

True or False: Older adults generally place less value on exercise and perceive more barriers.

True

True or False: The greatest basic cognitive changes occur in attention and memory; however, attention and memory are not uniformly affected.

True

Motivation to Exercise

a set of reasons that determines an individual's behavior -Exists along a continuum •Amotivation (least motivation) •Non-self-determined extrinsic motivation •Self-determined extrinsic motivation •Intrinsic motivation (greatest motivation)

Intrinsic motivation

is optimal and occurs when behaviors are performed for the personal interest in and enjoyment of engaging in the activity

Social Theories of Aging

•Activity theory -Adults can maintain or increase life satisfaction by maintaining social interactions and active lifestyles •Disengagement theory -Adults should separate themselves from society to maintain their integrity by accepting their changing status and physical decline

Strategies for Improving Recall

•Grouping items •Repetition •Make a song •Concentrate

Barriers to Exercise in Older Adults

•Nonexercisers -Fear of falling -Laziness -Lack of motivation •Exercisers -Time constraints -Physical ailments -Laziness

Age-Related Memory Changes

•Procedural and semantic memory show little change •Episodic memory shows the greatest decline •Recall also declines. Recognition less so

Self-Regulation Strategies

•Self-monitoring - Positive vs Negative •Goal setting - SMART •Self-talk - Transition from Neg Pos •Imagery - Internal vs External

Attentional Capacity

•Structural interference •Cognitive interference •Declines in older adulthood -Intentional attention -Attentional capacity -Auditory selective attention

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

•Theory on human development consists of eight stages ; three of these stages focus on adulthood •Each stage is represented by a conflict that must be resolved before the individual can advance to the next stage