Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Wars, 1500-1600

Henry of Navarre/Henry IV (r.1589-1610)

French ruler who changed his beliefs from Huguenots to Catholicism and then issued the Edict of Nantes to sympathize with Huguenots

Habsburgs

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation and she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Supremacy Act (1534)

Henry VIII of England declared that he was independent from the Pope's control, and therefore his entire country would belong instead to the Anglican church. This specifically made him the head of the church and the final religious authority in England.

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

She was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, an author of the Counter Reformation and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. She was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be a founder of the Discalced Carmelites along with John of the Cross.

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558), "Bloody Mary"

She was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon and King Henry VII; she rescinded the Reformation legislation of her father's reign and restored Roman Catholicism

Catholic Reformation

Started in the 16th Century partly in response to the Protestant Reformation. Roman Catholic authorities undertook an enormous reform effort within their own church. To some extent their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church.

Hugenots

They were known as the French Calvinists. They were Protestants who were persecuted in France in the 16th and 17th centuries and before then as well, when Calvinists writings circulated around Paris during the 1520s. The towns of Dauphine and Languedoc had high populations of Huguenots. Huguenots were also made up of powerful aristocrats.

Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533)

This didn't allow for appeals to be made to the papacy and stated that the papacy was not high in power and that the king was high in sovereign. This allowed King Henry to marry Anne Boleyn

War of the Three Henrys (1584-1598)

This was a civil conflict among factions led by the Catholic Henry of Guise, the Protestant Henry of Navarre, and King Henry III who succeeded Charles IX. The War of the Three Henrys was a damaging conflict for secular power. Henry of Guise and King Henry were killed. Henry of Navarre became King Henry VI. Although he was Protestant, he had converted to Catholicism once he became king. His Edict of Nantes in 1598 allowed the Protestants to worship

Ursulines

This was a female order founded by Angela Merici and was composed of young unmarried girls who remained with their families but lived chaste lives devoted to the instruction of other women. They met together monthly; with the movement spreading in Italy and France, and "helped provide women with education and with moral role models"

purgatory

Used in Roman Catholic theology it is the state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified.

indulgence

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

Johann Tetzel

A Roman Catholic friar who enraged Martin Luther in St. Peters Cathedral in Rome during the early 1500's. He was a symbol of the corruption of the church as he was selling people pardons for their sins. He was acting greedy and wordly, and he was forgetting to follow the rules of scripture. His actions caused Martin Luther to post the 95 Theses and spark the Protestant deformations.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

A Swiss reformer who was influenced by Christian humanism as he was a follower of Eramus. He looked to the state to supervise the church and banned music and relics from services.He was killed in a civil war

Concordat of Bologna

A Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.

Geneva/Genevan Consistory

A body of laymen/pastors to watch over people and to ensure conformity to an orderly life. Calvin reforms Geneva to a Christian society ruled by God through civil magistrates and reformed ministers

absenteeism

A form of physical withdrawal in which employees do not show up for an entire day of work.

Ninety-five Theses (1517)

A list of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

French Religious Wars (1559-1598)

A period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Hugenots). This conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. It was ended by the Edict of Nantes thanks to Henry IV (Navarre)

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They went to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Diet of Worms (1521)

A series of imperial meetings at the bishop's palace at Worms in the Rhineland where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V. Luther declared his final refusal to recant those doctrines and thus Charles V issued an imperial Edict condemning those doctrines

consubstantiation

A term describing Christ's co-existence in the Eucharist. Luther taught that the Eucharist was not truly Christ, but that He was present in it as hear is in a hot iron. Accordingly, the substance of Christ's body co-exists with the substance of the bread and his blood with the wine.

pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559)

A treaty in 1559 signed by France and Spain to end the Habsburg-Valois wars. Spain won and France forced to acknowledge Spanish dominance in Italy. This treaty ended an era of dynastic wars and initiated period of conflicts in which politics and religion played the dominant roles

Index of Prohibited Books

A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church and thus people were unable to read them. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Pilgrimage of Grace

An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power.

baroque art

Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation. It is characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, and spirit, which was meant to inspire the masses

Calvin/ The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536/59)

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

the elect

Calvinistic belief that this is a group of souls that God has selected to be predetermined for heaven

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

transubstantiation

Doctrine states that at the moment of priestly consecration the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper become the body and the blood of Christ

Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Happened on August 24, 1572 and was a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici.

Thomas Cromwell

He became King Henry VII's close adviser following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant. He was then the leader of the army, and then parliament. He took power of Britain under the title Lord Protectorate, supported Anglicanism, confiscated church land and sells it to nobles

Charles V (1500-1558)

He held a diet (assembly of the nobility, clergy, and cities of the Holy Roman Empire) in the German city of Worms to try and calm the controversy of Luther's ideas

Luther/On Christian Liberty (1521)

He was a Dominican Friar and the main theme of this writing is the importance of faith, relationship between Christian faith and good works, the dual nature of human beings, and the fundamental importance of scripture. Christian were free from sin and death through Christ not through their own actions

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

He was a strong supporter of Catholic Church,and criticized Luther. He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, but the church wouldn't let him. Started process of going around the church and cut off constitutional links with the papacy. Finally in 1534 he made himself Head of the Church of England

Thomas Cranmer/Book of Common Prayer (1549)

He was an Archbishop and simplified liturgy. He invited Protestant theologians to England and prepared the first BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, which was approved by Parliament. The book includes order for all services and prayers for the Church of England.

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

He was first a Spanish military leader who nearly lost his legs in a battle and while he was recuperating, he devoted himself to Catholicism. He coined the term "Blind Faith" and seriously believed in the scripture and the seven indulgences and the fact that heaven is obtain through faith and good works. He established the Society of Jesus a.k.a. the Jesuits.

John Knox (1505?-1572)/ Presbyterian church of Scotland

He was head of the Scottish reform movement and wanted to structure the Scottish church after Calvin's Geneva. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland (national/state church) with great emphasis on preaching & simple services and in 1560 had parliament end papal authority

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

He was the most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism. Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine. The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed.

Anglican Church/Church of England

It is the form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534 and was established by Henry VIII with himself as head. It was first formed in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife and became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Augsburg Confession (1530)

It is the foundational document of Lutheranism and the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. It is important because it was one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation

Habsburg-Valois Wars

It was a series of 5 wars between 1521-1555 between France and the Hapsburgs. France tried to keep Germany divided (although France was Catholic). This conflict played an important role in retarding unification of the German States. Catholic unity in Germany never again occurred.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

John Calvin was responsible for founding Calvinism, which was reformed Catholicism. He believed God was all knowing and everyone was predestined for heaven or hell.

simony

Practice of selling positions in the church, Practice of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages wherein Church leaders sold high Church positions. This practice was used to gain power for sons who would not inherit family wealth and land because of birth order.

Counter-Reformation

The attempt by the Catholic Church to reform itself after the Protestant Reformation, in order to prevent more people from branching away from Catholicism. Actions taken include the formation of the Jesuits, the Council of Trent, and the Spanish Inquisition (otherwise known as Reconquista).

Council of Trent (1545-163)

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. This important council strove to eliminate problems in the church and to determine once and for all the doctrinal and disciplinary issues with which protestant reformers agreed.

Elizabeth (r. 1558-1603)

The daughter of King Henry VII and Anne Boleyn, she soon became Queen Elizabeth I of England and became known as the greatest English Queen since modern times. She was a protestant and defeated the Spanish Armada

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

The document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. Due to his recognition, it also determined the religion of his subjects.

Catherine of Aragon

The first wife of Henry VIII and the mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Holy Office/Inquisition

The formal court, established by the Catholic church, to ferret out and try heretics; if an accused heretic confessed, he or she was forced to perform public penance and his or her property was confiscated by the church; however if an accused heretics did not confess then they faced torture and execution.

Pope Leo X (1513-1521)

The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, he was ruler of the Florentine Republic and was elevated to cardinal in 1489. Allowed sale of indulgences by Johan Tetzel to finance St. Peter's Basilica

German Peasants' War (1525)

When the economic conditions were bad for the peasants such as crop failures and starvation, the peasants started rebelling due tot he nobles high taxes. Luther agreed with the peasants but didn't think that they should be revolting. In the end, 75,000 peasants were killed and the authority of lay rulers was strengthened

anti-clericalism

a movement that opposes the institutional power of religion, and the involvement of the church in all aspects of public and political life