Chapter 13 science

As a result of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, scientists believe that ______________, including frogs, toads, and salamanders, will be especially vulnerable to increased UV radiation

amphibians

Why do the ozone holes form during the springtime

chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds

List some facts about global warming

co2 levels are rising/ temp and co2 are related/ reforestation is not enough

Where (in latitude) would you expect to find mild temperatures and frequent rainfall

coastal region at about 30 degrees latitude

What effects do mountain ranges have on the climate of its region

coastal side gets rain and inland side becomes a desert/ elevation increases temperature decreases

What is true of air density

cold air is more dense than warm air

Why is UV radiation particularly dangerous

damages genetic material

A(n) __________________ is often found on the inland side of a mountain range

desert-rain shadow

One serious consequence of climate change, a rise in sea levels, could result in ____________ of beaches

erosion

A predicted increase in Earth's average temperature caused by human activities and the subsequent release of gases such as carbon dioxide is known as

global warming

What is the difference between climate changes and global warming

global warming is a consequence of climate change

The ________________ is a process by which the atmosphere reradiates infrared radiation back to Earth's surface and thereby warms Earth's surface and lower atmosphere

greenhouse effect

Water vapor and carbon dioxide reradiate infrared radiation in the atmosphere back to the surface of Earth, so they are called

greenhouse gases

Sulfur dioxide in the upper atmosphere can lead to the formation of ________ that can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of Earth

haze

What has been observed in CO2 levels in the atmosphere since 1958

higher in the winter and lower in the summer but have steadily risen each year

A continuous record from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals that annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations have ______________ since 1958

increased

An effect of El Niño is _________________ in the southern part of the United States

increased rainfall

What is climate

long term prevailing atmospheric conditions

What is the greenhouse gas most responsible for the greenhouse effect

methane

Powerful computers are required to perform the calculations for scientists to develop climatic

models

What happens as the amount of ozone in the stratosphere decreases

more UV light

What would occur if the Earth were not tilted relative to its plain of orbit

no seasonal changes

What are some facts about the thinning of the ozone layer

occurs at both poles/ changes seasonally/ will take many years to reverse

How do oceans affect climate conditions on land

oceans are the source of most precipitation/ coastal areas have more moderate climates/ they redistribute warm and cold masses of water

Strong circulating winds over Antarctica, known as the ____________, play a role in the formation of the polar stratospheric clouds

polar vortex

The ________________ is an international agreement that seeks to limit CO2 emissions from developed countries

Kyoto Protocol

The ______________________ is an international agreement that limits CFC production

Montreal Protocol

Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies are examples of ____________ winds

prevailing

Though CFC production has been cut back, the threat to stratospheric ozone continues because CFCs ______________ in the atmosphere for decades

remain-persist

What do greenhouse gases do to increase the greenhouse effect

reradiate infrared radiation back to earth

If polar ice masses melt as a result of climate change, sea levels will

rise

What has the global temperature done during the 20th century

risen and fallen but increased overall

What are the consequences of a rise in global temperature

rising sea level, more major storms, more droughts

In terms of solar energy, how does latitude influence climate

there is more near the equator

Why are CFC's environmentally significant

they destroy ozone

Large quantities of gaseous sulfur dioxide can reach the upper atmosphere following a(n)

volcanic eruption

How do circulation patterns of the atmosphere occur

warm air rises and cools

How does rain frequently form

warm moist air rises

Populations of tiny, shrimp-like animals known as _____________ may be reduced by climate change

zooplankton

How long will it take for CFC's released today to reach the stratosphere

10-20 years

Damage to ______ in cells of living organisms is caused by exposure to UV radiation

DNA

During a(an)______ period, winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean

El Nino

Stratospheric ______ is destroyed by chlorine atoms released from CFCs

ozone

As a result of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, single-celled organisms called ________________, that live near the ocean's surface, can be killed by increased UV radiation

phytoplankton