Chapter 13 science
As a result of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, scientists believe that ______________, including frogs, toads, and salamanders, will be especially vulnerable to increased UV radiation
amphibians
Why do the ozone holes form during the springtime
chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds
List some facts about global warming
co2 levels are rising/ temp and co2 are related/ reforestation is not enough
Where (in latitude) would you expect to find mild temperatures and frequent rainfall
coastal region at about 30 degrees latitude
What effects do mountain ranges have on the climate of its region
coastal side gets rain and inland side becomes a desert/ elevation increases temperature decreases
What is true of air density
cold air is more dense than warm air
Why is UV radiation particularly dangerous
damages genetic material
A(n) __________________ is often found on the inland side of a mountain range
desert-rain shadow
One serious consequence of climate change, a rise in sea levels, could result in ____________ of beaches
erosion
A predicted increase in Earth's average temperature caused by human activities and the subsequent release of gases such as carbon dioxide is known as
global warming
What is the difference between climate changes and global warming
global warming is a consequence of climate change
The ________________ is a process by which the atmosphere reradiates infrared radiation back to Earth's surface and thereby warms Earth's surface and lower atmosphere
greenhouse effect
Water vapor and carbon dioxide reradiate infrared radiation in the atmosphere back to the surface of Earth, so they are called
greenhouse gases
Sulfur dioxide in the upper atmosphere can lead to the formation of ________ that can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of Earth
haze
What has been observed in CO2 levels in the atmosphere since 1958
higher in the winter and lower in the summer but have steadily risen each year
A continuous record from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals that annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations have ______________ since 1958
increased
An effect of El Niño is _________________ in the southern part of the United States
increased rainfall
What is climate
long term prevailing atmospheric conditions
What is the greenhouse gas most responsible for the greenhouse effect
methane
Powerful computers are required to perform the calculations for scientists to develop climatic
models
What happens as the amount of ozone in the stratosphere decreases
more UV light
What would occur if the Earth were not tilted relative to its plain of orbit
no seasonal changes
What are some facts about the thinning of the ozone layer
occurs at both poles/ changes seasonally/ will take many years to reverse
How do oceans affect climate conditions on land
oceans are the source of most precipitation/ coastal areas have more moderate climates/ they redistribute warm and cold masses of water
Strong circulating winds over Antarctica, known as the ____________, play a role in the formation of the polar stratospheric clouds
polar vortex
The ________________ is an international agreement that seeks to limit CO2 emissions from developed countries
Kyoto Protocol
The ______________________ is an international agreement that limits CFC production
Montreal Protocol
Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies are examples of ____________ winds
prevailing
Though CFC production has been cut back, the threat to stratospheric ozone continues because CFCs ______________ in the atmosphere for decades
remain-persist
What do greenhouse gases do to increase the greenhouse effect
reradiate infrared radiation back to earth
If polar ice masses melt as a result of climate change, sea levels will
rise
What has the global temperature done during the 20th century
risen and fallen but increased overall
What are the consequences of a rise in global temperature
rising sea level, more major storms, more droughts
In terms of solar energy, how does latitude influence climate
there is more near the equator
Why are CFC's environmentally significant
they destroy ozone
Large quantities of gaseous sulfur dioxide can reach the upper atmosphere following a(n)
volcanic eruption
How do circulation patterns of the atmosphere occur
warm air rises and cools
How does rain frequently form
warm moist air rises
Populations of tiny, shrimp-like animals known as _____________ may be reduced by climate change
zooplankton
How long will it take for CFC's released today to reach the stratosphere
10-20 years
Damage to ______ in cells of living organisms is caused by exposure to UV radiation
DNA
During a(an)______ period, winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean
El Nino
Stratospheric ______ is destroyed by chlorine atoms released from CFCs
ozone
As a result of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, single-celled organisms called ________________, that live near the ocean's surface, can be killed by increased UV radiation
phytoplankton