Bio 1082 KINKLE final exam

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. C) It results in effector cells with specificity for a large number of antigens. D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

A

In some circumstances, grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction? A) mutualism B) commensalism C) parasitism D) predation

A

Innate immunity _____. A) is activated immediately upon infection B) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens D) is found only in vertebrate animals

A

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____. A) convergent evolution B) a synapomorphy C) homology D) parsimony

A

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____. A) homology B) convergent evolution C) the evolution of common structure as a result of common function D) the evolution of similar appearance as a result of common function

A

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____. A) soil via the xylem B) soil via the phloem C) the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata D) the atmosphere through the cork cambium

A

The middle ear converts _____. A) air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves B) fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves C) air pressure waves to nerve impulses D) fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses

A

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to _____. A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential C) prevent graded potentials D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules

B

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) cerebellum D) spinal cord

B

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? A) mutualism B) parasitism C) competition D) facilitation

B

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? A) directional selection B) stabilizing selection C) disruptive selection D) sexual selection

B

Stomata _____. A) occur only in angiosperms and define them as a monophyletic group B) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss C) occur in only mosses and ferns D) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

B

T cells of the immune system include _____. A) CD4, CD8, and plasma cells B) cytotoxic and helper cells C) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells D) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

B

Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination. What is the major function of ripe fruits? A) attracting pollinators B) dispersing seed C) releasing nutrients to seeds D) keeping the seed hydrated before germination

B

What factor has the strongest influence on the cleavage pattern of an embryo? A) viscosity of albumin B) amount of yolk C) maturity of cytoplasm D) oxygen in air

B

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? A) active transport of ions into the stele B) evaporation of water through stoma C) the force of root pressure D) osmosis in the root

B

Which of the following ecological locations has the greatest species diversity? A) deciduous forests B) tropical rain forest C) grasslands D) islands

B

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) the structural carbohydrate, chitin B) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement C) heterotrophy D) mitochondria

B

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A) wind pollination B) dominant gametophytes C) fruits enclosing seeds D) sperm cells without flagella

C

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by _____. A) frequent massive disturbance B) stable conditions with no disturbance C) moderate levels of disturbance D) intensive disturbance by humans

C

Certain groups of cells move inward from the surface of the blastula in a carefully orchestrated migration called A) blastulation B) archenteron formation C) gastrulation D) cleavage

C

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) carbon monoxide

C

In the vertebrate nephron filtration takes place in the A. Loop of Henle B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Glomerulus D. Collection duct

C

Reproductive success of an individual is known as: A) variation. B) adaptive makeup. C) fitness. D) microevolution.

C

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system

C

The main role that humans play in artificial selection is to _____. A) create new species B) create genetic diversity C) choose which organisms live and reproduce D) perform artificial insemination

C

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? A) a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism B) a postzygotic isolating mechanism C) a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism D) a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism

C

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) wind blowing across the body surface D) blubber or fat layer

C

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime. A) Condition 1 only B) Condition 2 only C) Conditions 1 and 2 D) Conditions 2 and 3

C

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened? A) The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine. B) Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species. C) Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism. D) Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce.

D

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during _____. A) determination B) cleavage C) induction D) gastrulation

D

Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose _____. A) that evolution occurs B) a mechanism for how evolution occurs C) that Earth is older than a few thousand years D) natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

D

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when _____. A) a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel B) light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane C) the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage D) the membrane is distorted mechanically

D

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _____. A) convergent evolution B) a homologous structure C) natural selection D) a vestigial trait

D

Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _____. A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) evaporation

D

The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in _____. A) thin, non-myelinated neurons B) thin, myelinated neurons C) thick, non-myelinated neurons D) thick, myelinated neurons

D

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. A) unicellular chytrid B) multicellular algae C) multicellular fungus D) flagellated protist

D

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____. A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell B) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

D

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____. A) countercurrent exchange B) acclimation C) vasoconstriction D) evaporation

D

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

D

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____. A) very cold environments B) very hot environments C) environments with a constant food source D) environments with variable and limited food sources

D

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? A) limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount B) influence of temperature on competition among plants C) influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers D) effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

D

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) sponges B) coral C) jellyfish D) choanoflagellates

D

What part of the membrane releases neurotransmitters and what receives them?

Postsynaptic membrane receives, presynaptic membrane releases

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? A) root cap B) root hairs C) storage roots D) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem

b