Chapter 13 Social Psychology
The spreading of behaviors, actions, emotions and ideas that are imitative is known as:
social contagion
What are the 3 parts of the attribution theory?
1. Internal/External causes 2. Stable/unstable causes 3. Controllable/uncontrollable causes
How long to make a first impression?
100-milliseconds
Love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person
Affectionate / companionate love
Social behavior with the objective of harming someone, either physically or verbally
Aggression
According to personality psychologists, _____ is the trait most associated with prosocial behaviors.
Agreeableness
Unselfish interest in helping another person
Altruism
An individual's opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas - how the person feels about the world
Attitudes
the process by which we come to understand that causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals (explanations of causes of behavior)
Attribution
the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. (vary along 3 dimensions)
Attribution Theory
An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts -Inconsistency between what we believe and what we think - Do you practice what you preach?
Cognitive dissonance theory
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
Conformity
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group -KKK prime example - hide behind hoods to conceal identity
Deindividuation
An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group - group based (you take action to isolate/harm others)
Discrimination
Neurotransmitters in pro-social behavior
Dopamine (reward) Serotonin (happiness) Oxytocin (love for a child / personal relationships)
coming up with a rationale for the amount of work we put into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain
Effort justification
Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to live up to society's expectations -reciprocity - we help another person with the hopes that he/she will return the favor
Egoism
Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route -central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument -peripheral route involves factors such as the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal
Elaboration likelihood model
"Putting yourself in someone else's shoes" is another way of saying that you should have:
Empathy
3 factors of pro-social behavior
Empathy Personality Mood
The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups
Ethnocentrism
People's overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they themselves do -our bias affects how we come up with conclusions about a group of people
False consensus effect
the blocking of someone's attempt to reach a goal
Frustration
states the frustration always leads to aggression
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior
Fundamental Attribution Theory
The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group decision or interaction -A person who is punished more severely because the whole population saw it
Group polarization effect
The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
Groupthink
The influence other people have on us because we want to be right -we go along with the crowd to be right
Informational social influence
Resisting persuasion - knowing the consequences beforehand, therefore you do not engage in activity Example: Cheating on a test
Inoculation
A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationship
Investment model
The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before
Mere exposure effect
the teacher punishes the learner - study for obedience -if you don't answer correctly you get shocked (you thought you were shocking someone - to point of death)
Milgram's experiment
The influence others have on us because we want them to like us
Normative Social influence
Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority
Obedience
the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others (usually by their faces)
Person perception
trying to change someone's attitude - and often his or her behavior 1. Communicator 2. Medium 3. Target 4. Message
Persuasion
Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality -psychologically happier people
Positive Illusions
An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group - individual based
Prejudice
the motivation to reject attempts to be controlled
Reactance
The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
Risky shift
Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship
Romantic / passionate love
expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true -"averageness" is an essential component to attractiveness
Self-fulfilling prophecy
the tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others
Self-objectification bias
Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior -I don't smoke cigarettes, therefore I don't like people that do
Self-perception theory
the tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one's failures
Self-serving bias
The way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership EX: Ethnicity, Religion, Relationships, Vocations, Political affiliation, Stigmatized Identities
Social Identity
Tajfel's theory that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself
Social Identity theory
the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Social Psychology
the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information (The way individuals think in social situations)
Social cognition
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others
Social comparison
Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas -the popularity of smoking in teenagers
Social contagion
The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits. -equity - person is doing "fair share" in the relationship
Social exchange theory
Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort -going along with the crowd
Social loafing
A generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another -these are heuristics (mental shortcuts) -"beautiful is good" - attractive people are nicer and get better jobs
Stereotype
An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group -anxiety about living "down" to expectations and consequently underperforms -someone's race threatens how they feel about themselves
Stereotype threat
the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone
The bystander effect
Anyone can be savage and or aggressive - you can learn to be evil - the situation makes you evil
Zimbardo Experiment (Standford Prison)
what are controllable/uncontrollable causes?
a. If rain ruined the dinner or if the actual food cooked badly affected the dinner
what are internal/external causes?
a. Internal = specific to person / traits and abilities b. External = outside person like social pressure, social situations, weather luck
what are stable/unstable causes?
a. Permanent or temporary actions
the notion that the customer or individual feels a sense of obligation since the initial request was rejected so the smaller request should be accepted. (persuasion)
door-in-the-face technique
The favoring of your own ethnic group while asserting that ethnic out-groups are worse than your own is:
ethnocentrism
Start small and work your way up (for persuasion)
foot-in-the-door technique