Chapter 13 - The Endocrine System
hypophysectomy
the removal of abnormal tissue from the pituitary gland
lobectomy
the surgical removal of a lobe of an organ
parathyroidectomy
the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
pinealectomy
the surgical removal of the pineal gland
thymectomy
the surgical removal of the thymus gland
cortisone
the synthetic equivalent of natural corticosteroids that are administered to suppress inflammation and to act as an immunosuppressant
acr/o
extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point
insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia
somat/o
body
-ism
condition, state of
polyphagia
excessive hunger
crin/o
secrete
pheochromocytoma
a benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes the release of excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
prolactinoma
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes the gland to produce too much prolactin
fructosamine test
a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks
hemoglobin A1c testing
a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months
norepinephrine
a combination of a hormone and a neurohormone that plays an important role in the "fight-or-flight response"
hypoparathyroidism
a condition caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of parathyroid hormone
diabetes insipidus
a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH
Cushing's syndrome
a condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the body or by taking corticosteroids to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; also known as hypercortisolism
hypocalcemia
a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
prediabetes
a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults
hyperinsulinism
a condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
Addison's disease
a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
cretinism
a congenital form of hypothyroidism that if not treated soon after birth, causes arrested physical and mental development
hypothyroidism
a deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as under-active thyroid
diabetic coma
a diabetic emergency caused by very high blood sugar
insulin shock
a diabetic emergency caused by very low blood sugar
thyroid-stimulating hormone
a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Conn's syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
Graves' disease
a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
cortisol
a hormone that has an anti-inflammatory action; it also regulates the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in the body
epinephrine
a hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear; also known as adrenaline
calcitonin
a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues
estrogen
a hormone with an important role in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle
steroids
a large family of hormone like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure
antithyroid drug
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands
leptin
a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite
acromegaly
a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hand/feet) caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
thyroid storm
a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
myxedema
a severe form of adult hypothyroidism
thyroid scan
a specialized nuclear scan to evaluate thyroid function
testosterone
a steroid hormone secreted by the testes and the adrenal cortex that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
human growth hormone
a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
oral glucose tolerance test
a test performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia
pinealoma
a tumor of the pineal gland
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
hypercalcemia
abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth
adren/o
adrenal glands
exophthalmos
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
goiter
an abnormal, nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland
aldosterone (ALD)
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone
aldosteronism
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
Hashimoto's disease
an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
type 2 diabetes
an insulin resistance disorder in which, although insulin is being produced, the body does not use it effectively
thyroid carcinoma
cancer of the thyroid gland
short stature
condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
glyc/o
glucose, sugar
gonad/o
gonad, sex glands
oxytocin
hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
thymosin
hormone secreted by the thymus gland that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
diabetic retinopathy
injury to the eye that occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye
poly-
many
synthetic thyroid hormones
medications administered to replace lost thyroid function
electrolytes
mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, normally found in the blood
thyroxine
one of the primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of other body systems
pituitary adenoma
one of two types of slow-growing, benign tumors of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH, leading to bloating, water retention, and electrolyte imbalance
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
pancreatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
home blood glucose monitoring
test performed by the patient using drop of blood to measure the current blood sugar level
radioactive iodine uptake test
test using radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function
glucose
the basic form of energy used by the body; also known as blood sugar
hypogonadism
the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
gynecomastia
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male
hyperpituitarism
the excessive secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
hypergonadism
the excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
gestational diabetes mellitus
the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies
insulin
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
antidiuretic hormone
the hormone that helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
glucagon
the hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
growth hormone
the hormone that regulates the growth of bone, muscle and other body tissues
luteinizing hormone
the hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female and production of the female sex hormone progesterone. in the male it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
the hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female. in the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
follicle-stimulating hormone
the hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. in the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles
radioactive iodine treatment
the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
hyperparathyroidism
the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone that causes hypercalcemia
hyperthyroidism
the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism
puberty
the process of physical changed by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
galactorrhea
the production of breast milk in women who are not breast feeding
-dipsia
thirst
progesterone
this hormone, whose function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, is released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland