Chapter 13 What's The Significance WHAP

Yasak

"Tribute" paid in cash or most often fur to the Russian monarch by the native people

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish; The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Muslim soldiers. They were required to learn Turkish and were usually converted to Islam.

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I; Was at its height in the 16th/17th centuries.

Settler Colonies

Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.

The Great Dying

Massive death of the Native American Population due to European disease which they had no immunity to; 90% of population was eradicated

Akbar

Mughal India's most famous emperor; acted deliberately to accommodate Hindu majority; He expanded the empire to include nearly all of the Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari river and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus; Imposed a policy of toleration, deliberately restraining the more militantly Islamic scholars and removing the special tax (jizya) on non-Muslims.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death; Wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; Incessant warfare exhausted the empire despite military successes; he died in 1707; Reversed Akbar's tolerant policies and imposed Islamic supremacy.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Columbian exchange

Network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals, all generated by European colonial empires in the Americas.

Mestizo

New race created in Latin America of Spaniards/Europeans and Native Americans

Qing Empire Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the people's republic; Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state; Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912; Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Siberia

A region of central and eastern Russia, stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, known for its mineral resources and for being a place of political exile

Dona Marina

Aztec woman from the town Tabasco who was an interpreter to Cortes and later married him, birthed a son, and then married off to Juan Jarmillo.

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Little Ice Age and General Crisis

Period of unusually cool temperatures that spanned much of the early modern period, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere Much of China, Europe, and North America experienced record or near record cold winters- resulting in poor harvesting. China experienced drought.

Plantation Complex

Plantations were a major source of sugar production and since the Europeans virtually wiped out the entire Native population, more slaves were required to work on these plantations. The labor was so intense that many slaves died resulting in many more slaves being imported. ; the mixed race here (between Portuguese and Africans) was mulattos; in North America, there was much less racial mixing and more racial profiling; the slaves in North America had less rights than those in the Caribbean and Brazil; they worked more on tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo plantations (rather than sugar)

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain; Highest on hierarchy in colonial societies(Pure Spanish)

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who landed on coast of Mexico; Carved out a Spanish Mesoamerican empire far larger than the Aztecs;