Chapter 14

Ideology

Coherent system of beliefs, values, and ideas

Countermovement

Collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement

Revolutionary Movement

Collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another

Reform Movement

Collective action that seeks to change limited aspects of a society but does not seek to alter or replace major social institutions

Anomie

Condition in which rapid change has disrupted society's ability to adequately regulate and control its members and the old rules that governed people's lives no longer seem to apply

Social Movement

Continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society

What is ideology? Why is it important for understanding social movements?

Ideology:A coherent system of beliefs, values and ideas Ideologies justify the way things are or the way they should be Social movements use ideology to explain what is wrong and what should be done about it The concept of "frame alignment" is used to understand how ideology works

What are the three major types of social movement tactics? Give examples of each.

Persuasion: disseminating group's message Bargaining: offering something (votes, $) in exchange for something else Coercion: creating disturbances or threatening to do so

Cultural Diffusion

Process by which beliefs, technology, customs, and other elements of culture spread from one group of society to another

What are social movement frames? What are master frames?What is frame alignment? Describe and explain each of the three social movement strategies for achieving frame alignment?

Social movement frames: shared understandings that explain what is wrong and what should be done about it Master frame: Frame used by many social movements in a society Frame alignment: Linkage between social movement frame and frame of social movement recruit Strategies for achieving frame alignment: Reaching people who already share the frame (frame bridging) Convert people to their frame (frame transformation) Manipulate existing frames for new purposes (frame extension)

Define and explain what a social movement is.

Social movement: continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society. Social movements allow people to bring about social change by working collectively.

Describe and explain the four possible consequences of social movements discussed in class.

Social movements may result in changed social policies, e.g, new laws Social movements may result in changed social attitudes E.g., groups of people may be constructed as deserving sympathy or vilification Social movements may result in new interest organizations (MADD). Social movements may result in biographical change for participants Alumni of Freedom Summer (1964) led student protest movements across the United States.

Be familiar with findings about how social movement success/failure is connected to social networks, rising expectations, resource mobilization, bureaucratization, and political opportunity structure.

Social networks: people are recruited into social movement activities through friends and relatives Resources: key resources include money, people and organizational strength There are advantages for bureaucratic social movement organizations Political opportunity structure: some environments are more friendly than others for social movements Rising expectations are a better predictor of protest (or rioting) than deprivation.(left) 1968 Chicago police riot; (right)Tiananmen Square 1989; Glenn Beck's "Restoring Honor" rally, National Mall.

Postindustrial Society

Society in which knowledge, the control of information, and service industries are more important elements of the economy than agriculture of manufacturing and production

Global Climate Change

Steady rise in Earth's average temperature as a result of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

The lecture discussed several factors that help explain why some social movement are successful and others aren't. Be able to explain all of these.

Social movement scholars have attempted to learn what factors lead to social movement success. Ideology (frames) Social networks Rising expectations Resource mobilization Bureaucratization Political opportunity structure Tactics

What are the four types of social movements (based on how much change they call for and who is changed)? Be able to give examples of each.

Alternative Social Movement, Redemptive Social Movement, Reform Social Movement, Revolutionary Social Movement. Alternative social movements seek change for specific individuals focused on one aspect of their lives The most common type in the U.S. is the 12- step group The philosophy of AA has shaped the way many people think about personal and social problems (e.g., medicalizing deviance). Redemptive social movements seek radical change for their adherents Sociologists dislike the term "cult" because of its negative connotations, prefer "New Religious Movement" NRMs often have high levels of tension with dominant religious norms However, NRMs may become mainstream religions Reform social movement seek to change limited aspects of a society but do not seek to alter or replace major social institutions Reform movements have had a tremendous influence on American society and culture E.g.,Anti-slavery, women's suffrage, labor movement, anti- war, black civil rights, feminism, gay rights Revolutionary social movements attempt to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another Since the American Revolution, revolutionary movements in the U.S. have been unsuccessful, e.g., socialist, communist, white separatist.

Explain the difference between old and new social movements. Be able to give examples of each.

New social movement theory claims that a new type of movement became prevalent during the 1960s Old social movements: related to economic struggles between "haves" and "have-nots" E.g., labor movement, Grange movement New social movements: focus on non- economic quality of life issues and identities E.g., feminism, gay rights, peace movement, environmentalism, pro-choice/pro-life, animal rights