Chapter 14 Agriculture and Food Resources, BIO 121 CH 14- Agriculture and Food Resources, Chapter 14, Agriculture and Food Systems (Ch.14), environmental chapter 14
what are alternatives to pesticides
-biological controls -pheromones/hormones -reproductive controls -genetic controls -quarantine -irradiation
what are characteristics of most pesticides
-broad spectrum -do not degrade readily or may break down into other dangerous materials -move around in the environment
what are challenges of producing more
-decline in farmland -declining numbers of domesticated varieties -continuing to improve crop and livestock yields -addressing environmental impacts
what are some techniques that sustainable agriculture uses
-diversification of crops and livestock -breeding of disease resistant varieties -water and energy conservation -crop rotation -animal manure to decrease use of chemical fertilizers -enhancing predator prey relationships to control pests -pesticides that won't persist in the environment -adapting needs to the area
what are benefits of pesticides
-effectively control organisms that spread disease -protect crops from pests and pathogens -monocultures amplify effect of pests
what are drawbacks of the green revolution
-high energy and infrastructure costs -environmental costs of high fertilizer and pesticide use -loss of local varieties with important genetic characteristics useful for their regions
what are environmental impacts of industrialized agriculture
-increased carbon footprint -heavy water utilization -water pollution -air pollution -replaces family farms with agribusiness conglomerates
what can genetically modified plants be
-more nutritious food plants that contain all essential amino acids or that would be rich in vitamins -resistant to viral diseases, drought, heat, cold, herbicides, salinity, insect pests, etc.
what are characteristics of ideal pesticides
-narrow spectrum -readily breaks down into safe materials -does not move around in the environment
what is included in the long term sustainability of soil
-organic agriculture -integrated pest management -reduction in intensive agricultural techniques -utilization of natural processes
what are benefits of rooftop gardens
-provide safe growing spaces and sources of fresh produce -improve storm water management -reduce local flooding
what are cultivation methods of subsistence agriculture
-shifting cultivation -slash and burn agriculture -nomadic herding -intercropping -polyculture
what are characteristics of high input
-significantly dependent on fossil fuels -produces high yields -monoculture cultivation predominates -soil degradation, pesticide resistance common
what percent of children under age 5 suffer from undernutrition
15%
D—Bioaccumulation is also found in the tissues of lower organisms like zooplankton.
A buildup of toxins in the tissues of predatory birds eating poisoned rodents and other small animals is an example of (A) natural selection (B) conservation of species (C) biocide (D) bioaccumulation (E) lipid detoxification
what was the green revolution
a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
biological control
a method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests
pheromone
a natural substance produced by animals to stimulate a response in other members of the same species
broad-spectrum pesticide
a pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial organisms,in addition to the target pest
pesticide
a toxic chemical used to kill pests, however, many insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms have developed or are devloping resistence
overnutrition
a tupe of malnutrition in which there is an over consumption of calories that leaves the body susceptible to disease
overnutrition
a type of malnutrition in which an overconsumption of calories leaves the body susceptible to disease
undernutrition
a type of malnutrition in which there is an underconsumption of calories( under 2600 calories) or nutrients that leaves the body weakened and suscepitble to disease worldwide an estimated 182 million children under 5 suffer from this according to the World health organization(WHO)
undernutrition
a type of malnutrition in which underconsumption of calories or nutrients leaves the body weakened and susceptible to disease.
habitat fragmentation
break up large areas of habitat into small isolated patches caused by clearing forests and draining wetlands to grow crops
what is habitat fragmentation
breakup of a large areas of habitat into small isolated patches
Which of these strategies for increasing crop yields to feed the world is not as feasible as the others?
bring more arable land into production
who uses subsistence agriculture
farmers in most developing countries
intercropping
form of intensive subsistence agriculture that involves growing a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously. when certain crops are grown as monocultures(a cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area). poly culture is a type of intercropping in which several kinds of plants that mature at different times are planted together. in tropics, fast and slow maturing crops are often planted together so that different crops can be harvested throughout the year
biofuels
fuel made from grains such as ethyl alcohol
Which of the following is a hazard unique to genetic engineering?
gene spread to wild species
what is lower in domesticated organisms than in the wild varieties they originate from
genetic diversity
Suppose a drop in natural biological diversity is noticed in a Midwestern agricultural area of the United States. Which of these is a likely cause?
habitat fragmentation
what does overnutrition result in
high blood pressure, obesity, and increased likelihood of diabetes and heart disease
scientific advances have increased food production where
highly developed countries
where is industrialized agriculture used
highly developed countries and some developing ones
what promotes faster livestock growth
hormones
4-5 times more than untreated
how much weight do livestock treated with antibiotics grow to?
E
The huge increase in yields obtained through modern cultivation techniques has become known as the (A) GMOs (B) cross-pollination methods (C) aquaculture dilemma (D) genetic revolution (E) green revolution
shifting cultivation
subsistence agriculture - in which short periods of cultivations are followed by longer periods of fallow. Supports relatively small populations.
nomadic herding
subsistence agriculture - livestock supported by land too acidic for crop growth. Land intensive because herders must continually move the herd for food supply
organic agriculture
sustainable agriculture - farmer use no commercial, inorganic fertilizers or pesticides, or use Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
sustainable agriculture - limited use of pesticides with pest controlling biological and cultivation practices
Which of these is characteristic of a narrow-spectrum pesticide?
targets and kills only a particular intended pest
conservation easement
the 1996 farm bl included funding for the establishment of a national Farmland protection program this voluntary program let farmers sell conservation easements--prevent their farmland from being converted to nonagricultural uses, ineffect from a minimun of 30 years to forever
what is bioaccumulation
the accumulation of harmful or toxic substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism
what is a pesticide
the agent used to reduce pest populations
habitat fragmentation
the breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches, cased by clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetlands to grow crops, thus reducing biological diversity and causes many species to become endangered or threatened. example 90% of north american tallgrass prairie converted to agriculture
what led to significantly increased crop yields around the world
the combination of selective breeding and pesticide and fertilizer use
food insecurity
the condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition countires with the greatest South Asia 270 million hungry people sub-Saharan Africa 175 million
genetic engineering
the manipulation of genes( for example, taking a specific gene from one species and placing it into an unrelated species) to produce a particular trait
what is domestication
the process of taming wild animals or adapting wild plants to serve human needs
second green revolution
the trend away from using intensive techniques that produce high yields and toward methods that focus on long term sustainability of the soil
what does it mean when a country is considered low-income food-deficit
they cannot produce enough food or afford to import it
what is a problem with pesticides
they have developed genetic resistance to certain pesticides
what are broad spectrum pesticides
they kill a variety of organisms, even the beneficial ones
what are narrow spectrum pesticides
they kill only the intended pest
shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, intercropping
three kinds of subsistence agriculture
what are the goals of genetic engineering
to develop desirable characteristics in crops and livestock more rapidly than through traditional breeding methods
Why are farmers granted conservation easements according to the Farm Bill of 1996?
to discourage non-agricultural uses of land
pesticide
toxic chemical used to kill pests
subsistence agriculture
traditional agricultural methods that are dependent on labor and a large amount of land to produce enough food to feed oneself and one's family
what does subsistence agriculture consist of
traditional agricultural methods that depend on labor and a large amount of land
subsistence agriculture
traditional agricultural methods, which are dependent on labor and large amounts of land to produce enough food to feed oneself and one's family, also requires a large input of energy, but from humans and draft animals rather than from fossils fuels
polyculture
type of intercropping in which several kinds of plants that mature at different times are planted together
what is undernutrition
type of malnutrition in which there is underconsumption of calories or nutrients
slash-and -burn agriculture
type of shifting cultivation that involves clearing small patches of tropical forest to plant crops, tropical soils lose their productivity quickly when they are cultivated, thus farmers must move from one area of forest to another every 3 years or so
slash and burn agriculture
type of shifting cultivation that involves clearing small patches of tropical rain forests to plant crops. land intensive because tropical soils lose their productivity quickly
what does urban agriculture use for agricultural activities
unused or underused urban spaces
what reduces the amount of land and water available for food production
urban areas expanding into formerly agricultural land
organic agriculture
use no pesticides; others use a system of integrated pest management (IPM), which incorporates the limited use of pesticides with pest-controlling biological and cultivation practices these methods cause fewer environmental problems to the agricultural ecosystem, or agrosystem, than industrialized practices. this trend away from using intensive techniques that produce high yields and toward methods that focus on long-term sustainability of the soil is sometimes referred to as the second green revolution
what does pesticide resistance require
use of increasing amounts of pesticide over time to kill the same amount of pests
green revolution
using modern cultivation methods and the high-yield varieties of certain staple crops to produce more food per acre of cropland
what are biological controls
using naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests
hormones
usually administered by ear implants, regulate livestock bodily functions and promote faster growth.
collect germplasm
what are many con tries doing to preserve diversity?
broad-spectrum pesticides
what are most pesticides?
the energy cost and serious environmental problems caused by fertilizers and pesticides
what are the two most important problems involving high yield crops?
sell conservation easements
what can farmers do to prevent their farmland from being converted to nonagricultural uses?
create cancer and affect the growth of children
what can these hormones or their byproducts do to humans?
genetic engineering
what controversial technology is revolutionizing medicine and agriculture through the manipulation of genes?
plant pathogens (microorganisms, fungi and bacteria)
what disease are caused by plants, that can be controlled pesticides?
to be educated
what does IPM require of farmers?
kill fish
what does pesticide do as runoff into lakes and rivers?
genetic resistance
what does prolonged use of particular pesticides cause in a pest population?
farmers are forced to use progressively larger quantities of pesticides.
what eventually happens when farmers use pesticide?
monoculture
what is the cause for such great number of pest in our fields?
If the inserted gene spreads to weed relatives it can possibly harm natural ecosystems
what is the concern of using GM crops, pertaining to relative crops?
the evolution of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics.
what is the danger of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animals and humans?
narrow-spectrum pesticide
what is the ideal pesticide called?
poverty
what is the main cause of undernutrition?
the death of beneficial insects and other organisms
what is the worst problem associated with pesticides?
hormones
what is used to regulate livestock bodily functions and promote faster growth?
quickly disintegrating
what kind of chemicals are used in sustainable agriculture?
natural predator-prey relationship
what kind of pest control does sustainable agri use?
green revolution
what method results in high yield varieties of certain staple crops?
loss in genetic diversity
what occurred when farmers modernized their varieties?
reduction of biological diversity
what occurs during habitat fragmentation
pest
what organism interferes in some way with human welfare or activities?
bioaccumulation
what phenomenon occurs when an organism exposed to a chemically stable pesticide which takes years to break down, obtains a high concentration of the toxin.
does not degrade readily
what problem does broad-spectrum pesticides pose to the environment long term?
intercropping
what term describes a form of intensive subsistence agriculture that involves growing a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously?
integrated pest management
what term describes a limited use of pesticides?
second green revolution
what term describes a move away from destructive industrial farming?
polyculture
what term describes a tip of intercropping in which several kinds of plants mature at different times are planted together?
over-nutrition
what term describes a type of malnutrition in which an overconsumption of calories leaves the body susceptible to disease?
sustainable agriculture
what term describes agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts
habitat fragmentation
what term describes breakup of large areas of habitat into small isolated patches
organic agriculture
what term describes farmers that use no commercial inorganic fertilizers or pesticides
Nomadic herding
what term describes livestock as the supporting food because the land is too arid for crop growth.
degradation of land
what term describes natural or human-induced reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops or livestock
salinization
what term describes salting the soil from improper irrigation methods?
food insecurity
what term describes the condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition?
monocultures
what term describes the cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area?
biological magnification
what term describes the greater concentration of pesticide to the higher levels of the food chain?
species richness
what term describes the number of different species in a community?
agroecosystem
what type of agricultural practices move away from high yield intensive farming?
slash and burn
what type of agriculture involves clearing small patches of tropical forest to plant crops?
genetically modified (GM)
what type of crop are genetically manipulated?
what is multiple pesticide resistance
when insects are resistant to all major classes of insecticides that are legal for farm use
around the edges
where are species richness the greatest in a given area?
in highly developed nations such as US results in obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and some cancers
where is overnutrition most prevalent and what is the result
Asia and subSaharan Africa - children do not grow or develop normally, cognitive development suffers, disease, death over time
where is undernutrition most prevalent and what is the result
urbanization, suburban sprawl, parking lots, housing developments, shopping malls
why is the US losing prime farmland
what is an advantage of urban agriculture
increased food access for local residents
What are consequences of industrialized agriculture?
increased runoff, soil salinization, and pesticides pollution
What is biological magnification?
increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web
what leads to the development of resistant strains of bacteria and reduces antibiotic efficacy in humans
indiscriminate use of antibiotics
who is most susceptible to poverty and hunger
infants, children, and the elderly
antibiotics
injected into livestock and feed grain of pigs, chicken, and cattle - gain 4-5% more weight than untreated presumably because they are not fighting off infection - might be causing bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics thereby reducing the medical effectiveness
hormones
injected into livestock to regulate bodily functions and promote faster growth
what are types of pesticides
insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides
Making use of natural enemies, pheromone traps, and judicious use of pesticide are all principles of
integrated pest management
intercropping
intensive subsistence agriculture - grow a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously - when certain crops are grown together they produce higher yields
Which of these practices is more associated with subsistence agriculture than industrialized agriculture?
intercropping
shifting cultivation
is a form of in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow (land left uncultivated), during which the land reverts to forest, supports relatively small populations
how does genetic engineering differ from traditional breeding methods
it enables introduction of desirable genes from other species into the target organism
Which of the following statements is NOT true of slash-and-burn agriculture?
it is usually practiced in temperate climates
broad spectrum pesticide
kills a variety of organisms including beneficial organisms in addition to the target pest- do not degrade well - sometimes produce more toxicity as degrades
narrow spectrum pesticide
kills only intended organisms and does not harm other species - ideally degrades safely
narrow-spectrum pesticide
kills only the intended organism and does not harm other species
A specific term for a person suffering from a diet with sufficient calories, but deficient in high-quality protein.
kwashiorkor
fallow
land left uncultivated
prime farmland
land that has the soil type, growing conditions, and available water to produce food, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. U.S. has more than 121 million hectares (300 million acres)
prime farmland
land that has the soil type, growing conditions, and available water to produce food, forage, fire and oilseed crops
what does high input require
large capital and energy inputs, less land, and less manual labor than traditional methods
nomadic herding
livestock is supported by land too arid for successful crop growth, similarly land-intensive form of subsitence agriculture, must continually move their livestock to find adequate food for the animals
what did the second green revolution emphasize
long term sustainability of the soil
what is sustainable agriculture also known as
low-input agriculture
poverty
main cause of malnutrition
genetic engineering
manipulation of genes to produce a particular trait
what is genetic engineering
manipulation of genes to produce a particular trait
what happened as a result of habitat loss to agriculture
many species are endangered
A specific term for a person suffering from a diet lacking sufficient total calories, and also deficient in high-quality protein.
marasmus
pathogens
microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, that cause disease
pathogens
microscopic organisms such as fungi and bacteria that cause disease
industrial agriculture also called high input agriculture
modern agricultural methods that require large capital inputs and less land and labor than traditional methods
industrizalied agriculture or high-input
modern agricultural methods, which require a large capital input and less land and labor than traditional methods; large inputs of capital and energy( fossil fuels) , make and run machinery, purchase agrochemicals such as commerical inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. produces high yields (amount of food produced per unti of land, thus allows forests or natural areas to remain wild
antibiotics
modern agriculture has also embraced the addition of low doses of antibiotics to the feed for pigs, chickens, and cattle. these animals gain 4 to 5 percent more weight than untreated animals, presumably because they expand less energy fighting infections
1996 Farm Bill - Farmland Protection Program - conservation easements
national funding to protect farmland from being converted to non-agricultural uses
land degradation
natural or human induced reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops or livestock - caused by erosion, heavy farm machinery, waterlogging, and salinization
what are pheromones
natural substance produced by animals to stimulate a response in other members of the species
land degregadation
reduction in the potential productivity of land, natural or human-induced processes that decrease the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock. examples soil erosion, caused by a decline in soil fertility, and these eroded sediments thus damaging water quality; compacting of soil and salinization (salting)
what are effects of water pollution
reduction of biodiversity, harms fisheries, and leads to outbreaks of nuisance species
What pesticide would be most effective in ridding a barn of mice?
rodenticide
germplasm
seeds, plants, plant tissue of traditional crop varieties and the sperm or eggs of traditional livestock breeds - any plant or animal material that may be used in breeding
One of the most serious causes of land degradation is
soil erosion
monocultures
cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area
overall, the amount of prime farmland in the united states is
decreasing
what causes overnutrition
diets high in saturated fats, sugar, and salt
What are typical practices of sustainable agriculture?
diversification of crops, environmentally friendly chemicals, and mixing of traditional and modern methods
organic agriculture
does not use pesticides
green revolution
producing more food per acre of cropland using modern cultivation methods and high yield varieties of crops
E
Something that lowers the quantity, quality, or value of resources is known as a (A) growth factor (B) decimator (C) biocide (D) agricultural sink (E) biological pest
allowed at low levels
Under IPM pest are not irradiated instead they are
30
What is the projected % increase of grains required by 2050?
genetic resistance
prolonged use of a pesticide causes an inherited characteristic that decreases the effect of a given agent on the target organism
Which of these is characteristic of a broad-spectrum pesticide?
promotes genetic resistance of unintended species
what is land degradation
reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops and livestock
shifting cultivation
What term describes a form of subsistence agriculture in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow; during which the land resorts back to forest?
undernutrition
What term describes a type of malnutrition in which underconsumption of calories or nutrients leaves the body weakened and susceptible to disease?
subsistence agriculture
What term describes traditional agricultural methods that produce enough food to feed oneself and family with left over to sell or reserve?
D—Altering genetics makes some people worry about the potential for abuse.
When DNA is combined in ways to augment certain characteristics in a species' natural growth, the result is known as (A) nonnative species (B) relict species (C) transplanted organism (D) genetically modified organism (E) nonviable organism
B
Agroecology is another word for (A) tillage (B) sustainable agriculture (C) degenerative farming (D) strip mining (E) historical agriculture
A—Insecticides (kill insects), herbicides (kill plants/weeds), acaricides (kill spiders and ticks), and fungicides (kill molds and fungus) are types of pesticides.
All the following are pesticides except (A) odonticides (B) insecticides (C) acaricides (D) fungicides (E) herbicides
biological controls pheromones and hormones reproductive controls, genetic controls, quarantine, and irradiation
Alternative to pesticides
Organic agriculture uses A. limited amounts of narrow-spectrum pesticides B. limited amount of broad-spectrum pesticides C. fungicide spray before shipment to grocery stores D. organic pesticides rather than inorganic pesticides E. no pesticides
E. no pesticides
B—Genetic engineering is often done to improve the quality and amount of plant yield.
Extracting DNA from one species and splicing it into the genetic material of another is known as (A) mechanical engineering (B) genetic engineering (C) copyright infringement (D) cell biology (E) in vitro fertilization
E—Many different species are caught by their gills, for example.
Fishing methods like bottom trawling, gill netting, and longlining are especially subject to (A) crew safety policy (B) seasonal variation (C) high fuel costs (D) poor yields (E) bycatch
C—Integrated pest management uses a combination of methods.
Hormones that stop larval growth, combined with mechanical vacuuming of bugs from plants, are examples of (A) crop rotation (B) low input agriculture (C) integrated pest management (D) cross discipline activation (E) plant desertification
5-100 million
How many species are estimated to exist?
A—Genetically modified organisms or genetically enhanced growth
It has been estimated that over 60% of all processed food in America contains (A) GMO ingredients (B) fatty acids (C) carcinogens (D) DDT (E) phosphorus
D
Rodenticides kill rats and mice, while ticks and spider mites are killed by (A) aracnicides (B) mitocides (C) fungicides (D) acaricides (E) herbicides
economic development
an expansion a governments economy viewed by as many as the best way to raise the standard of living
economic development
an expansion in a region's or country's economy, viewed by many as the best way to raise the standard of living
genetic resistance
an inherited characteristic that decreases the effect of a given agent (such as a pesticide) on an organism (such as a pest)
bioaccumulation
an organism exposed to a chemically stable pesticide that takes years to break down may accumulate high concentrations of the toxin. organisms at higher levels on food webs tend to have greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticide sored in their bodies than the lower on food webs, through a process known as biological magnification
bioaccumulation
an organism that is exposed to a chemically stable pesticide that takes years to break down builds up high concentrations of the toxin
what causes water pollution
animal wastes, fertilizers, and pesticides
what improves livestock weight gain and less disease
antibiotics
what is a pest
any organism that interferes in some way with human welfare or activity
pest
any organism that interferes in some way with human welfare such as weeds, insects, rodents, bacteria, fungi, nematodes (microscopic worms)
pest
any organism that interferes in some way with humans welfare or activties; insecticides kill insects, herbicides kill plants, rodenticides kill rodents such as rats and mice, and fungicides kill fungi
gemplasm
any plant or animal material that may be used in breeeding, to preserve older, more diverse varieties of plants and animals, many countires, including the United States are collecting, seeds, plants, and plant tissues of traditional crop varieties and the sperm and eggs of traditional livestock breeds
most experts agree that genetically modified foods are _______ as non-gm foods
as safe to eat
Which of these is characteristic of a broad-spectrum pesticide? A. Promotes genetic resistance of unintended species B. Kills pest organisms in ways that does not harm humans C. utilizes all-natural, organic chemicals D. kills a particular organism in a wide variety of ways
A. Promotes genetic resistance of unintended species
Which if these would be an example of genetic engineering? A. a desirable gene from another species is inserted in to a crop plant B. seeds from a desirable crop plant are gathered and used to plant the next crop C. two different species of corn are bred to make a hardier plant D. cuttings from different subspecies are grafted together to make a "hybrid" plant
A. a desirable gene from another species is inserted in to a crop plant
Organisms at higher levels on food webs tend to have greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticide stored in their bodies through a process known as A. biological magnification B. persistent amplification C. genetic engineering D. genetic engineering E. bioaccumulation
A. biological magnification
Which of these strategies for increasing crop yields to feed the world is not as feasible as the others? A. bring more arable land into production B. developing more productive strains of grain C. judicious use of agrochemicals D. using plant types adapted to local climate
A. bring more arable land into production
Which of these methods is NOT a typical practice of sustainable agriculture? A. eradication of pest species B. environmentally friendly chemicals C. mixing of traditional and modern methods D. diversification of crops
A. eradication of pest species
What trend is shown in the following graph? A. insect resistance to pesticides B. world grain production per person C. increases in global arable land D. increases in subsistence agriculture (wrong)
A. insect resistance to pesticides
Making use of natural enemies, pheromone traps, and judicious use of pesticide are all principles of A. integrated pest management B. industrialized farming C. organic farming D. biological control
A. integrated pest management
Which of these is more associated with subsistence agriculture than industrialized agriculture? A. intercropping B. high start up costs C. heavy fossil fuel use D. degraded soil over time
A. intercropping
A specific term for a person suffering from a diet with sufficient calories, but deficient in protein. A. kwashiorkor B. marasmus C. overnutrition D. malnutrition (wrong)
A. kwashiorkor
What is intercropping? A. planting several types of plants in the same field B. alternating fields with different plant types C. planting only one type of plant one year, then another the next D. rotating several plant types over the year
A. planting several types of plants in the same field
Term that applies to high concentrations of pesticides in organisms high on the trophic pyramid.
biological magnification
Overall, the amount of prime farmland in the United States is ___ A. increasing B. decreasing C. remaining the same D. fluctuating
B. decreasing
If undernutrition increases in a given area, it causes an increase in A. population B. disease C. grain production per person D. overnutrition
B. disease
Which of these is a goal of the "green revolution"? A. increasing agricultural profits at any cost B. increasing crop yields per acre C. increasing reliance on pesticides D. increasing machine labor
B. increasing crop yields per acre
Organic agriculture uses no ____. A. irrigation B. pesticides C. plowing D. fertilizer
B. pesticides
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of pesticide use in agriculture? A. allow more food to be harvested per acre B. promotes genetic resistance C. allows control of harmful diseases D. allow food to be stored with fewer losses
B. promotes genetic resistance
Which of these is more associated with industrialized agriculture than subsistence agriculture? A. allowing land to lay fallow B. use of chemical fertilizer C. nomadic herding techniques D. slash-and-burn
B. use of chemical fertilizer
What conclusion can be reached from the following diagram about the last 40 years? A. Overall grain supplies are dropping B. Grain supplies per person are declining C. Grain supplies per person have remained the same for some time D. Grain supplies per person are increasing
C. Grain supplies per person have remained the same for some time
What is shifting cultivation? A. fast- and slow-maturing crops are planted together B. alternating crops over several years C. allowing land to regrow naturally between crops D. the process of matching crops type to human needs
C. allowing land to regrow naturally between crops
Term that applies to high concentrations of pesticides in organisms high on the trophic pyramid. A. bioaccumulation B. broad-spectrum effect C. biological magnification D. genetic resistance
C. biological magnification
Which of the following is a hazard unique to genetic engineering? A. crops made resistant to herbicides B. poisoning of non-target species C. gene spread to wild species D. higher hazard of human toxicity than conventional crops
C. gene spread to wild species
Which of these is NOT a consequence of industrialized agriculture? A. soil salinization B. pesticides pollution C. increased soil permeability to water D. increased runoff
C. increased soil permeability to water
Which of these is characteristic of a narrow-spectrum pesticide? A. retards the growth of a pest, but does not kill it B. does not kill pest, but makes it unable to breed C. kills only a particular intended pest D. kills a wide variety of pests
C. kills only a particular intended pest
A specific term for a person suffering from a diet high is calories, sugar, salt, and fat. A. kwashiorkor B. marasmus C. overnutrition D. malnutrition
C. overnutrition
What pesticide would be most effective in ridding a barn of mice? A. herbicide B. fungicide C. rodenticide D. insecticide
C. rodenticide
Why are farmers granted conservation easements according to the Farm Bill of 1996? A. to avoid growing crops if the prices are too low B. to encourage organic farming C. to discourage non-agricultural uses of land D. to allow them to experiment with untested crop types
C. to discourage non-agricultural uses of land
What is a broad-spectrum pesticide? A. a liquid pesticide that can cover expansive areas of agricultural lands with no negative impact B. a combination of pesticide and fertilizer that allow plants to grow faster while killing its pests C. a specific pesticide that kills the intended organism and does not harm any others D. a wide-reaching pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial ones E. a pesticide that stays exactly where it is sprayed and degrades over time
D. a wide-reaching pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial ones
Suppose a drop in natural biological diversity is noticed in a midwestern agricultural area of the United States. Which of these is a likely cause? A. soil compaction B. use of genetically modified crops C. use of antibiotics on farm animals D. habitat fragmentation
D. habitat fragmentation
What of the following exposes pests to chemicals for purposes of control? A. quarantine B. irradiation C. cultivation methods D. pheromone traps
D. pheromone traps
Industrialized agriculture in highly developed countries requires A. very little capital input because it relies on solar energy and precipitation B. no inorganic fertilizers or pesticides C. small inputs of energy from fossil fuels that produce very high crop yields D. a large amount of land and large inputs of energy from humans and animals E. large capital inputs, small tracts of land, and less manual labor
E. large capital inputs, small tracts of land, and less manual labor
A—Pesticide resistance is a problem since every target species has genetically diverse individuals who are resistant to the pesticide
Globally, at least 1,000 insect species and 550 weed and plant pathogens have developed chemical resistance to (A) pesticides (B) sodium (C) pollen (D) rodenticides (E) carbon
C—Since they aren't stressed or in tight pens, they don't pass on disease as easily.
Organic farms have lower feed and veterinarian costs since their animals are (A) smaller in size (B) crowded into barns (C) healthier (D) raised in larger herds (E) fed GMO ingredients
C
Three agencies are responsible for regulating pesticides used in food: the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and the (A) Centers for Disease Control (B) Department of Health and Human Services (C) Department of Agriculture (D) National Institutes of Health (E) Department of Homeland Defense
integrated pest management (IPM)
a combination of pest control methods that if used in the proper order and proper times, keeps the size of a pest population low enough to prevent substantial economic loss
what is integrated pest management
a combination of pest control methods that if used in the right order and at the proper times, keeps the pest population small enough to prevent substantial economic loss
Which of these would be an example of genetic engineering?
a desirable gene from another species is inserted in to a crop plant
how many people in the world lack food for healthy productive lives
about 795 million people
agroecosystem
agricultural ecosystem
sustainable agriculture or alternative or low input
agricultural mehods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance which having minimal long-term impacts
sustainable agriculture (also called alternative or low input agriculture)
agricultural methods modeled after natural ecosystems that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long term impacts
what is sustainable agriculture
agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts
what causes air pollution
agricultural use of fossil fuels, pesticides, and fertilizers
Which of these is more associated with industrialized agriculture than subsistence agriculture?
allowing land to lay fallow
what is shifting cultivation
allowing land to regrow naturally between crops
What are benefits of pesticide use in agriculture?
allows more food to be harvested per acre, allows control of harmful diseases, and allows food to be stored with fewer losses
cultivation methods, biological controls, pheromones, hormones, reproductive controls, quarantine, irradiation
alternatives to pesticides
what is overnutrition
amount of food consumed exceeds necessary calories or essential nutrients
yields
amount of food produced per unit of land
Tools of Integrated Pest Management include what practices?
careful use of selected pesticides, cultivation methods, and pheromone traps
food insecurity
condition in which people with chronic hunger and malnutrition
what can pesticide residues do
contaminate food, deplete beneficial soil microorganisms, and kill fish and other aquatic species
biological magnification
organisms on higher levels in the food web have a greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticides
how much prime farmland does the us have
over 120 million hectares (300 million acres)
A specific term for a person suffering from a diet high in calories, sugar, salt, and fat:
overnutrition
Microorganisms which caused disease are called
pathogens
what is food insecurity
people lack reliable access to nutritious food and live under the threat of starvation
fungicides
pesticides to kill fungi
insecticides
pesticides to kill insects
herbicides
pesticides to kill plants
rodentcides
pesticides to kill rodents such as mice and rats
polycropping involves
planting at the same time several crops which mature at different times
what is intercropping
planting several types of plants in the same field
what is the main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity
poverty
Sustainable agriculture is especially concerned with
preserving the quality of agricultural soil
