Chapter 14 Agriculture and Food Resources, BIO 121 CH 14- Agriculture and Food Resources, Chapter 14, Agriculture and Food Systems (Ch.14), environmental chapter 14

what are alternatives to pesticides

-biological controls -pheromones/hormones -reproductive controls -genetic controls -quarantine -irradiation

what are characteristics of most pesticides

-broad spectrum -do not degrade readily or may break down into other dangerous materials -move around in the environment

what are challenges of producing more

-decline in farmland -declining numbers of domesticated varieties -continuing to improve crop and livestock yields -addressing environmental impacts

what are some techniques that sustainable agriculture uses

-diversification of crops and livestock -breeding of disease resistant varieties -water and energy conservation -crop rotation -animal manure to decrease use of chemical fertilizers -enhancing predator prey relationships to control pests -pesticides that won't persist in the environment -adapting needs to the area

what are benefits of pesticides

-effectively control organisms that spread disease -protect crops from pests and pathogens -monocultures amplify effect of pests

what are drawbacks of the green revolution

-high energy and infrastructure costs -environmental costs of high fertilizer and pesticide use -loss of local varieties with important genetic characteristics useful for their regions

what are environmental impacts of industrialized agriculture

-increased carbon footprint -heavy water utilization -water pollution -air pollution -replaces family farms with agribusiness conglomerates

what can genetically modified plants be

-more nutritious food plants that contain all essential amino acids or that would be rich in vitamins -resistant to viral diseases, drought, heat, cold, herbicides, salinity, insect pests, etc.

what are characteristics of ideal pesticides

-narrow spectrum -readily breaks down into safe materials -does not move around in the environment

what is included in the long term sustainability of soil

-organic agriculture -integrated pest management -reduction in intensive agricultural techniques -utilization of natural processes

what are benefits of rooftop gardens

-provide safe growing spaces and sources of fresh produce -improve storm water management -reduce local flooding

what are cultivation methods of subsistence agriculture

-shifting cultivation -slash and burn agriculture -nomadic herding -intercropping -polyculture

what are characteristics of high input

-significantly dependent on fossil fuels -produces high yields -monoculture cultivation predominates -soil degradation, pesticide resistance common

what percent of children under age 5 suffer from undernutrition

15%

D—Bioaccumulation is also found in the tissues of lower organisms like zooplankton.

A buildup of toxins in the tissues of predatory birds eating poisoned rodents and other small animals is an example of (A) natural selection (B) conservation of species (C) biocide (D) bioaccumulation (E) lipid detoxification

what was the green revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

biological control

a method of pest control that involves the use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests

pheromone

a natural substance produced by animals to stimulate a response in other members of the same species

broad-spectrum pesticide

a pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial organisms,in addition to the target pest

pesticide

a toxic chemical used to kill pests, however, many insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms have developed or are devloping resistence

overnutrition

a tupe of malnutrition in which there is an over consumption of calories that leaves the body susceptible to disease

overnutrition

a type of malnutrition in which an overconsumption of calories leaves the body susceptible to disease

undernutrition

a type of malnutrition in which there is an underconsumption of calories( under 2600 calories) or nutrients that leaves the body weakened and suscepitble to disease worldwide an estimated 182 million children under 5 suffer from this according to the World health organization(WHO)

undernutrition

a type of malnutrition in which underconsumption of calories or nutrients leaves the body weakened and susceptible to disease.

habitat fragmentation

break up large areas of habitat into small isolated patches caused by clearing forests and draining wetlands to grow crops

what is habitat fragmentation

breakup of a large areas of habitat into small isolated patches

Which of these strategies for increasing crop yields to feed the world is not as feasible as the others?

bring more arable land into production

who uses subsistence agriculture

farmers in most developing countries

intercropping

form of intensive subsistence agriculture that involves growing a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously. when certain crops are grown as monocultures(a cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area). poly culture is a type of intercropping in which several kinds of plants that mature at different times are planted together. in tropics, fast and slow maturing crops are often planted together so that different crops can be harvested throughout the year

biofuels

fuel made from grains such as ethyl alcohol

Which of the following is a hazard unique to genetic engineering?

gene spread to wild species

what is lower in domesticated organisms than in the wild varieties they originate from

genetic diversity

Suppose a drop in natural biological diversity is noticed in a Midwestern agricultural area of the United States. Which of these is a likely cause?

habitat fragmentation

what does overnutrition result in

high blood pressure, obesity, and increased likelihood of diabetes and heart disease

scientific advances have increased food production where

highly developed countries

where is industrialized agriculture used

highly developed countries and some developing ones

what promotes faster livestock growth

hormones

4-5 times more than untreated

how much weight do livestock treated with antibiotics grow to?

E

The huge increase in yields obtained through modern cultivation techniques has become known as the (A) GMOs (B) cross-pollination methods (C) aquaculture dilemma (D) genetic revolution (E) green revolution

shifting cultivation

subsistence agriculture - in which short periods of cultivations are followed by longer periods of fallow. Supports relatively small populations.

nomadic herding

subsistence agriculture - livestock supported by land too acidic for crop growth. Land intensive because herders must continually move the herd for food supply

organic agriculture

sustainable agriculture - farmer use no commercial, inorganic fertilizers or pesticides, or use Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

sustainable agriculture - limited use of pesticides with pest controlling biological and cultivation practices

Which of these is characteristic of a narrow-spectrum pesticide?

targets and kills only a particular intended pest

conservation easement

the 1996 farm bl included funding for the establishment of a national Farmland protection program this voluntary program let farmers sell conservation easements--prevent their farmland from being converted to nonagricultural uses, ineffect from a minimun of 30 years to forever

what is bioaccumulation

the accumulation of harmful or toxic substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism

what is a pesticide

the agent used to reduce pest populations

habitat fragmentation

the breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches, cased by clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetlands to grow crops, thus reducing biological diversity and causes many species to become endangered or threatened. example 90% of north american tallgrass prairie converted to agriculture

what led to significantly increased crop yields around the world

the combination of selective breeding and pesticide and fertilizer use

food insecurity

the condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition countires with the greatest South Asia 270 million hungry people sub-Saharan Africa 175 million

genetic engineering

the manipulation of genes( for example, taking a specific gene from one species and placing it into an unrelated species) to produce a particular trait

what is domestication

the process of taming wild animals or adapting wild plants to serve human needs

second green revolution

the trend away from using intensive techniques that produce high yields and toward methods that focus on long term sustainability of the soil

what does it mean when a country is considered low-income food-deficit

they cannot produce enough food or afford to import it

what is a problem with pesticides

they have developed genetic resistance to certain pesticides

what are broad spectrum pesticides

they kill a variety of organisms, even the beneficial ones

what are narrow spectrum pesticides

they kill only the intended pest

shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, intercropping

three kinds of subsistence agriculture

what are the goals of genetic engineering

to develop desirable characteristics in crops and livestock more rapidly than through traditional breeding methods

Why are farmers granted conservation easements according to the Farm Bill of 1996?

to discourage non-agricultural uses of land

pesticide

toxic chemical used to kill pests

subsistence agriculture

traditional agricultural methods that are dependent on labor and a large amount of land to produce enough food to feed oneself and one's family

what does subsistence agriculture consist of

traditional agricultural methods that depend on labor and a large amount of land

subsistence agriculture

traditional agricultural methods, which are dependent on labor and large amounts of land to produce enough food to feed oneself and one's family, also requires a large input of energy, but from humans and draft animals rather than from fossils fuels

polyculture

type of intercropping in which several kinds of plants that mature at different times are planted together

what is undernutrition

type of malnutrition in which there is underconsumption of calories or nutrients

slash-and -burn agriculture

type of shifting cultivation that involves clearing small patches of tropical forest to plant crops, tropical soils lose their productivity quickly when they are cultivated, thus farmers must move from one area of forest to another every 3 years or so

slash and burn agriculture

type of shifting cultivation that involves clearing small patches of tropical rain forests to plant crops. land intensive because tropical soils lose their productivity quickly

what does urban agriculture use for agricultural activities

unused or underused urban spaces

what reduces the amount of land and water available for food production

urban areas expanding into formerly agricultural land

organic agriculture

use no pesticides; others use a system of integrated pest management (IPM), which incorporates the limited use of pesticides with pest-controlling biological and cultivation practices these methods cause fewer environmental problems to the agricultural ecosystem, or agrosystem, than industrialized practices. this trend away from using intensive techniques that produce high yields and toward methods that focus on long-term sustainability of the soil is sometimes referred to as the second green revolution

what does pesticide resistance require

use of increasing amounts of pesticide over time to kill the same amount of pests

green revolution

using modern cultivation methods and the high-yield varieties of certain staple crops to produce more food per acre of cropland

what are biological controls

using naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests

hormones

usually administered by ear implants, regulate livestock bodily functions and promote faster growth.

collect germplasm

what are many con tries doing to preserve diversity?

broad-spectrum pesticides

what are most pesticides?

the energy cost and serious environmental problems caused by fertilizers and pesticides

what are the two most important problems involving high yield crops?

sell conservation easements

what can farmers do to prevent their farmland from being converted to nonagricultural uses?

create cancer and affect the growth of children

what can these hormones or their byproducts do to humans?

genetic engineering

what controversial technology is revolutionizing medicine and agriculture through the manipulation of genes?

plant pathogens (microorganisms, fungi and bacteria)

what disease are caused by plants, that can be controlled pesticides?

to be educated

what does IPM require of farmers?

kill fish

what does pesticide do as runoff into lakes and rivers?

genetic resistance

what does prolonged use of particular pesticides cause in a pest population?

farmers are forced to use progressively larger quantities of pesticides.

what eventually happens when farmers use pesticide?

monoculture

what is the cause for such great number of pest in our fields?

If the inserted gene spreads to weed relatives it can possibly harm natural ecosystems

what is the concern of using GM crops, pertaining to relative crops?

the evolution of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics.

what is the danger of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animals and humans?

narrow-spectrum pesticide

what is the ideal pesticide called?

poverty

what is the main cause of undernutrition?

the death of beneficial insects and other organisms

what is the worst problem associated with pesticides?

hormones

what is used to regulate livestock bodily functions and promote faster growth?

quickly disintegrating

what kind of chemicals are used in sustainable agriculture?

natural predator-prey relationship

what kind of pest control does sustainable agri use?

green revolution

what method results in high yield varieties of certain staple crops?

loss in genetic diversity

what occurred when farmers modernized their varieties?

reduction of biological diversity

what occurs during habitat fragmentation

pest

what organism interferes in some way with human welfare or activities?

bioaccumulation

what phenomenon occurs when an organism exposed to a chemically stable pesticide which takes years to break down, obtains a high concentration of the toxin.

does not degrade readily

what problem does broad-spectrum pesticides pose to the environment long term?

intercropping

what term describes a form of intensive subsistence agriculture that involves growing a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously?

integrated pest management

what term describes a limited use of pesticides?

second green revolution

what term describes a move away from destructive industrial farming?

polyculture

what term describes a tip of intercropping in which several kinds of plants mature at different times are planted together?

over-nutrition

what term describes a type of malnutrition in which an overconsumption of calories leaves the body susceptible to disease?

sustainable agriculture

what term describes agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts

habitat fragmentation

what term describes breakup of large areas of habitat into small isolated patches

organic agriculture

what term describes farmers that use no commercial inorganic fertilizers or pesticides

Nomadic herding

what term describes livestock as the supporting food because the land is too arid for crop growth.

degradation of land

what term describes natural or human-induced reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops or livestock

salinization

what term describes salting the soil from improper irrigation methods?

food insecurity

what term describes the condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition?

monocultures

what term describes the cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area?

biological magnification

what term describes the greater concentration of pesticide to the higher levels of the food chain?

species richness

what term describes the number of different species in a community?

agroecosystem

what type of agricultural practices move away from high yield intensive farming?

slash and burn

what type of agriculture involves clearing small patches of tropical forest to plant crops?

genetically modified (GM)

what type of crop are genetically manipulated?

what is multiple pesticide resistance

when insects are resistant to all major classes of insecticides that are legal for farm use

around the edges

where are species richness the greatest in a given area?

in highly developed nations such as US results in obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and some cancers

where is overnutrition most prevalent and what is the result

Asia and subSaharan Africa - children do not grow or develop normally, cognitive development suffers, disease, death over time

where is undernutrition most prevalent and what is the result

urbanization, suburban sprawl, parking lots, housing developments, shopping malls

why is the US losing prime farmland

what is an advantage of urban agriculture

increased food access for local residents

What are consequences of industrialized agriculture?

increased runoff, soil salinization, and pesticides pollution

What is biological magnification?

increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web

what leads to the development of resistant strains of bacteria and reduces antibiotic efficacy in humans

indiscriminate use of antibiotics

who is most susceptible to poverty and hunger

infants, children, and the elderly

antibiotics

injected into livestock and feed grain of pigs, chicken, and cattle - gain 4-5% more weight than untreated presumably because they are not fighting off infection - might be causing bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics thereby reducing the medical effectiveness

hormones

injected into livestock to regulate bodily functions and promote faster growth

what are types of pesticides

insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides

Making use of natural enemies, pheromone traps, and judicious use of pesticide are all principles of

integrated pest management

intercropping

intensive subsistence agriculture - grow a variety of plants on the same field simultaneously - when certain crops are grown together they produce higher yields

Which of these practices is more associated with subsistence agriculture than industrialized agriculture?

intercropping

shifting cultivation

is a form of in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow (land left uncultivated), during which the land reverts to forest, supports relatively small populations

how does genetic engineering differ from traditional breeding methods

it enables introduction of desirable genes from other species into the target organism

Which of the following statements is NOT true of slash-and-burn agriculture?

it is usually practiced in temperate climates

broad spectrum pesticide

kills a variety of organisms including beneficial organisms in addition to the target pest- do not degrade well - sometimes produce more toxicity as degrades

narrow spectrum pesticide

kills only intended organisms and does not harm other species - ideally degrades safely

narrow-spectrum pesticide

kills only the intended organism and does not harm other species

A specific term for a person suffering from a diet with sufficient calories, but deficient in high-quality protein.

kwashiorkor

fallow

land left uncultivated

prime farmland

land that has the soil type, growing conditions, and available water to produce food, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. U.S. has more than 121 million hectares (300 million acres)

prime farmland

land that has the soil type, growing conditions, and available water to produce food, forage, fire and oilseed crops

what does high input require

large capital and energy inputs, less land, and less manual labor than traditional methods

nomadic herding

livestock is supported by land too arid for successful crop growth, similarly land-intensive form of subsitence agriculture, must continually move their livestock to find adequate food for the animals

what did the second green revolution emphasize

long term sustainability of the soil

what is sustainable agriculture also known as

low-input agriculture

poverty

main cause of malnutrition

genetic engineering

manipulation of genes to produce a particular trait

what is genetic engineering

manipulation of genes to produce a particular trait

what happened as a result of habitat loss to agriculture

many species are endangered

A specific term for a person suffering from a diet lacking sufficient total calories, and also deficient in high-quality protein.

marasmus

pathogens

microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, that cause disease

pathogens

microscopic organisms such as fungi and bacteria that cause disease

industrial agriculture also called high input agriculture

modern agricultural methods that require large capital inputs and less land and labor than traditional methods

industrizalied agriculture or high-input

modern agricultural methods, which require a large capital input and less land and labor than traditional methods; large inputs of capital and energy( fossil fuels) , make and run machinery, purchase agrochemicals such as commerical inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. produces high yields (amount of food produced per unti of land, thus allows forests or natural areas to remain wild

antibiotics

modern agriculture has also embraced the addition of low doses of antibiotics to the feed for pigs, chickens, and cattle. these animals gain 4 to 5 percent more weight than untreated animals, presumably because they expand less energy fighting infections

1996 Farm Bill - Farmland Protection Program - conservation easements

national funding to protect farmland from being converted to non-agricultural uses

land degradation

natural or human induced reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops or livestock - caused by erosion, heavy farm machinery, waterlogging, and salinization

what are pheromones

natural substance produced by animals to stimulate a response in other members of the species

land degregadation

reduction in the potential productivity of land, natural or human-induced processes that decrease the future ability of the land to support crops or livestock. examples soil erosion, caused by a decline in soil fertility, and these eroded sediments thus damaging water quality; compacting of soil and salinization (salting)

what are effects of water pollution

reduction of biodiversity, harms fisheries, and leads to outbreaks of nuisance species

What pesticide would be most effective in ridding a barn of mice?

rodenticide

germplasm

seeds, plants, plant tissue of traditional crop varieties and the sperm or eggs of traditional livestock breeds - any plant or animal material that may be used in breeding

One of the most serious causes of land degradation is

soil erosion

monocultures

cultivation of only one type of plant over a large area

overall, the amount of prime farmland in the united states is

decreasing

what causes overnutrition

diets high in saturated fats, sugar, and salt

What are typical practices of sustainable agriculture?

diversification of crops, environmentally friendly chemicals, and mixing of traditional and modern methods

organic agriculture

does not use pesticides

green revolution

producing more food per acre of cropland using modern cultivation methods and high yield varieties of crops

E

Something that lowers the quantity, quality, or value of resources is known as a (A) growth factor (B) decimator (C) biocide (D) agricultural sink (E) biological pest

allowed at low levels

Under IPM pest are not irradiated instead they are

30

What is the projected % increase of grains required by 2050?

genetic resistance

prolonged use of a pesticide causes an inherited characteristic that decreases the effect of a given agent on the target organism

Which of these is characteristic of a broad-spectrum pesticide?

promotes genetic resistance of unintended species

what is land degradation

reduction in the potential ability of the land to support crops and livestock

shifting cultivation

What term describes a form of subsistence agriculture in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow; during which the land resorts back to forest?

undernutrition

What term describes a type of malnutrition in which underconsumption of calories or nutrients leaves the body weakened and susceptible to disease?

subsistence agriculture

What term describes traditional agricultural methods that produce enough food to feed oneself and family with left over to sell or reserve?

D—Altering genetics makes some people worry about the potential for abuse.

When DNA is combined in ways to augment certain characteristics in a species' natural growth, the result is known as (A) nonnative species (B) relict species (C) transplanted organism (D) genetically modified organism (E) nonviable organism

B

Agroecology is another word for (A) tillage (B) sustainable agriculture (C) degenerative farming (D) strip mining (E) historical agriculture

A—Insecticides (kill insects), herbicides (kill plants/weeds), acaricides (kill spiders and ticks), and fungicides (kill molds and fungus) are types of pesticides.

All the following are pesticides except (A) odonticides (B) insecticides (C) acaricides (D) fungicides (E) herbicides

biological controls pheromones and hormones reproductive controls, genetic controls, quarantine, and irradiation

Alternative to pesticides

Organic agriculture uses A. limited amounts of narrow-spectrum pesticides B. limited amount of broad-spectrum pesticides C. fungicide spray before shipment to grocery stores D. organic pesticides rather than inorganic pesticides E. no pesticides

E. no pesticides

B—Genetic engineering is often done to improve the quality and amount of plant yield.

Extracting DNA from one species and splicing it into the genetic material of another is known as (A) mechanical engineering (B) genetic engineering (C) copyright infringement (D) cell biology (E) in vitro fertilization

E—Many different species are caught by their gills, for example.

Fishing methods like bottom trawling, gill netting, and longlining are especially subject to (A) crew safety policy (B) seasonal variation (C) high fuel costs (D) poor yields (E) bycatch

C—Integrated pest management uses a combination of methods.

Hormones that stop larval growth, combined with mechanical vacuuming of bugs from plants, are examples of (A) crop rotation (B) low input agriculture (C) integrated pest management (D) cross discipline activation (E) plant desertification

5-100 million

How many species are estimated to exist?

A—Genetically modified organisms or genetically enhanced growth

It has been estimated that over 60% of all processed food in America contains (A) GMO ingredients (B) fatty acids (C) carcinogens (D) DDT (E) phosphorus

D

Rodenticides kill rats and mice, while ticks and spider mites are killed by (A) aracnicides (B) mitocides (C) fungicides (D) acaricides (E) herbicides

economic development

an expansion a governments economy viewed by as many as the best way to raise the standard of living

economic development

an expansion in a region's or country's economy, viewed by many as the best way to raise the standard of living

genetic resistance

an inherited characteristic that decreases the effect of a given agent (such as a pesticide) on an organism (such as a pest)

bioaccumulation

an organism exposed to a chemically stable pesticide that takes years to break down may accumulate high concentrations of the toxin. organisms at higher levels on food webs tend to have greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticide sored in their bodies than the lower on food webs, through a process known as biological magnification

bioaccumulation

an organism that is exposed to a chemically stable pesticide that takes years to break down builds up high concentrations of the toxin

what causes water pollution

animal wastes, fertilizers, and pesticides

what improves livestock weight gain and less disease

antibiotics

what is a pest

any organism that interferes in some way with human welfare or activity

pest

any organism that interferes in some way with human welfare such as weeds, insects, rodents, bacteria, fungi, nematodes (microscopic worms)

pest

any organism that interferes in some way with humans welfare or activties; insecticides kill insects, herbicides kill plants, rodenticides kill rodents such as rats and mice, and fungicides kill fungi

gemplasm

any plant or animal material that may be used in breeeding, to preserve older, more diverse varieties of plants and animals, many countires, including the United States are collecting, seeds, plants, and plant tissues of traditional crop varieties and the sperm and eggs of traditional livestock breeds

most experts agree that genetically modified foods are _______ as non-gm foods

as safe to eat

Which of these is characteristic of a broad-spectrum pesticide? A. Promotes genetic resistance of unintended species B. Kills pest organisms in ways that does not harm humans C. utilizes all-natural, organic chemicals D. kills a particular organism in a wide variety of ways

A. Promotes genetic resistance of unintended species

Which if these would be an example of genetic engineering? A. a desirable gene from another species is inserted in to a crop plant B. seeds from a desirable crop plant are gathered and used to plant the next crop C. two different species of corn are bred to make a hardier plant D. cuttings from different subspecies are grafted together to make a "hybrid" plant

A. a desirable gene from another species is inserted in to a crop plant

Organisms at higher levels on food webs tend to have greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticide stored in their bodies through a process known as A. biological magnification B. persistent amplification C. genetic engineering D. genetic engineering E. bioaccumulation

A. biological magnification

Which of these strategies for increasing crop yields to feed the world is not as feasible as the others? A. bring more arable land into production B. developing more productive strains of grain C. judicious use of agrochemicals D. using plant types adapted to local climate

A. bring more arable land into production

Which of these methods is NOT a typical practice of sustainable agriculture? A. eradication of pest species B. environmentally friendly chemicals C. mixing of traditional and modern methods D. diversification of crops

A. eradication of pest species

What trend is shown in the following graph? A. insect resistance to pesticides B. world grain production per person C. increases in global arable land D. increases in subsistence agriculture (wrong)

A. insect resistance to pesticides

Making use of natural enemies, pheromone traps, and judicious use of pesticide are all principles of A. integrated pest management B. industrialized farming C. organic farming D. biological control

A. integrated pest management

Which of these is more associated with subsistence agriculture than industrialized agriculture? A. intercropping B. high start up costs C. heavy fossil fuel use D. degraded soil over time

A. intercropping

A specific term for a person suffering from a diet with sufficient calories, but deficient in protein. A. kwashiorkor B. marasmus C. overnutrition D. malnutrition (wrong)

A. kwashiorkor

What is intercropping? A. planting several types of plants in the same field B. alternating fields with different plant types C. planting only one type of plant one year, then another the next D. rotating several plant types over the year

A. planting several types of plants in the same field

Term that applies to high concentrations of pesticides in organisms high on the trophic pyramid.

biological magnification

Overall, the amount of prime farmland in the United States is ___ A. increasing B. decreasing C. remaining the same D. fluctuating

B. decreasing

If undernutrition increases in a given area, it causes an increase in A. population B. disease C. grain production per person D. overnutrition

B. disease

Which of these is a goal of the "green revolution"? A. increasing agricultural profits at any cost B. increasing crop yields per acre C. increasing reliance on pesticides D. increasing machine labor

B. increasing crop yields per acre

Organic agriculture uses no ____. A. irrigation B. pesticides C. plowing D. fertilizer

B. pesticides

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of pesticide use in agriculture? A. allow more food to be harvested per acre B. promotes genetic resistance C. allows control of harmful diseases D. allow food to be stored with fewer losses

B. promotes genetic resistance

Which of these is more associated with industrialized agriculture than subsistence agriculture? A. allowing land to lay fallow B. use of chemical fertilizer C. nomadic herding techniques D. slash-and-burn

B. use of chemical fertilizer

What conclusion can be reached from the following diagram about the last 40 years? A. Overall grain supplies are dropping B. Grain supplies per person are declining C. Grain supplies per person have remained the same for some time D. Grain supplies per person are increasing

C. Grain supplies per person have remained the same for some time

What is shifting cultivation? A. fast- and slow-maturing crops are planted together B. alternating crops over several years C. allowing land to regrow naturally between crops D. the process of matching crops type to human needs

C. allowing land to regrow naturally between crops

Term that applies to high concentrations of pesticides in organisms high on the trophic pyramid. A. bioaccumulation B. broad-spectrum effect C. biological magnification D. genetic resistance

C. biological magnification

Which of the following is a hazard unique to genetic engineering? A. crops made resistant to herbicides B. poisoning of non-target species C. gene spread to wild species D. higher hazard of human toxicity than conventional crops

C. gene spread to wild species

Which of these is NOT a consequence of industrialized agriculture? A. soil salinization B. pesticides pollution C. increased soil permeability to water D. increased runoff

C. increased soil permeability to water

Which of these is characteristic of a narrow-spectrum pesticide? A. retards the growth of a pest, but does not kill it B. does not kill pest, but makes it unable to breed C. kills only a particular intended pest D. kills a wide variety of pests

C. kills only a particular intended pest

A specific term for a person suffering from a diet high is calories, sugar, salt, and fat. A. kwashiorkor B. marasmus C. overnutrition D. malnutrition

C. overnutrition

What pesticide would be most effective in ridding a barn of mice? A. herbicide B. fungicide C. rodenticide D. insecticide

C. rodenticide

Why are farmers granted conservation easements according to the Farm Bill of 1996? A. to avoid growing crops if the prices are too low B. to encourage organic farming C. to discourage non-agricultural uses of land D. to allow them to experiment with untested crop types

C. to discourage non-agricultural uses of land

What is a broad-spectrum pesticide? A. a liquid pesticide that can cover expansive areas of agricultural lands with no negative impact B. a combination of pesticide and fertilizer that allow plants to grow faster while killing its pests C. a specific pesticide that kills the intended organism and does not harm any others D. a wide-reaching pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial ones E. a pesticide that stays exactly where it is sprayed and degrades over time

D. a wide-reaching pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial ones

Suppose a drop in natural biological diversity is noticed in a midwestern agricultural area of the United States. Which of these is a likely cause? A. soil compaction B. use of genetically modified crops C. use of antibiotics on farm animals D. habitat fragmentation

D. habitat fragmentation

What of the following exposes pests to chemicals for purposes of control? A. quarantine B. irradiation C. cultivation methods D. pheromone traps

D. pheromone traps

Industrialized agriculture in highly developed countries requires A. very little capital input because it relies on solar energy and precipitation B. no inorganic fertilizers or pesticides C. small inputs of energy from fossil fuels that produce very high crop yields D. a large amount of land and large inputs of energy from humans and animals E. large capital inputs, small tracts of land, and less manual labor

E. large capital inputs, small tracts of land, and less manual labor

A—Pesticide resistance is a problem since every target species has genetically diverse individuals who are resistant to the pesticide

Globally, at least 1,000 insect species and 550 weed and plant pathogens have developed chemical resistance to (A) pesticides (B) sodium (C) pollen (D) rodenticides (E) carbon

C—Since they aren't stressed or in tight pens, they don't pass on disease as easily.

Organic farms have lower feed and veterinarian costs since their animals are (A) smaller in size (B) crowded into barns (C) healthier (D) raised in larger herds (E) fed GMO ingredients

C

Three agencies are responsible for regulating pesticides used in food: the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and the (A) Centers for Disease Control (B) Department of Health and Human Services (C) Department of Agriculture (D) National Institutes of Health (E) Department of Homeland Defense

integrated pest management (IPM)

a combination of pest control methods that if used in the proper order and proper times, keeps the size of a pest population low enough to prevent substantial economic loss

what is integrated pest management

a combination of pest control methods that if used in the right order and at the proper times, keeps the pest population small enough to prevent substantial economic loss

Which of these would be an example of genetic engineering?

a desirable gene from another species is inserted in to a crop plant

how many people in the world lack food for healthy productive lives

about 795 million people

agroecosystem

agricultural ecosystem

sustainable agriculture or alternative or low input

agricultural mehods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance which having minimal long-term impacts

sustainable agriculture (also called alternative or low input agriculture)

agricultural methods modeled after natural ecosystems that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long term impacts

what is sustainable agriculture

agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts

what causes air pollution

agricultural use of fossil fuels, pesticides, and fertilizers

Which of these is more associated with industrialized agriculture than subsistence agriculture?

allowing land to lay fallow

what is shifting cultivation

allowing land to regrow naturally between crops

What are benefits of pesticide use in agriculture?

allows more food to be harvested per acre, allows control of harmful diseases, and allows food to be stored with fewer losses

cultivation methods, biological controls, pheromones, hormones, reproductive controls, quarantine, irradiation

alternatives to pesticides

what is overnutrition

amount of food consumed exceeds necessary calories or essential nutrients

yields

amount of food produced per unit of land

Tools of Integrated Pest Management include what practices?

careful use of selected pesticides, cultivation methods, and pheromone traps

food insecurity

condition in which people with chronic hunger and malnutrition

what can pesticide residues do

contaminate food, deplete beneficial soil microorganisms, and kill fish and other aquatic species

biological magnification

organisms on higher levels in the food web have a greater concentrations of bioaccumulated pesticides

how much prime farmland does the us have

over 120 million hectares (300 million acres)

A specific term for a person suffering from a diet high in calories, sugar, salt, and fat:

overnutrition

Microorganisms which caused disease are called

pathogens

what is food insecurity

people lack reliable access to nutritious food and live under the threat of starvation

fungicides

pesticides to kill fungi

insecticides

pesticides to kill insects

herbicides

pesticides to kill plants

rodentcides

pesticides to kill rodents such as mice and rats

polycropping involves

planting at the same time several crops which mature at different times

what is intercropping

planting several types of plants in the same field

what is the main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity

poverty

Sustainable agriculture is especially concerned with

preserving the quality of agricultural soil