Chapter 14 An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities

An early indication of inflammation is elevated levels of _____-_____ protein produced by the liver.

C-reactive

A protein produced by the liver that stimulates phagocytosis and promotes the complement system during the inflammatory response is called the

C-reactive protein

The protein activated by the amplification of the complement system that goes on to facilitate polymerization of the remaining complement factors in the membrane of the target cell is called_____ .

C3

Multiple copies of which complement protein are inserted into the plasma membrane of an invader to form a membrane attack complex?

C9

________ is the migration of WBCs to the site of infection or trauma in response to chemical messages.

Chemotaxis

_____ inflammation can last anywhere from a few days to years as opposed to acute inflammation that lasts for minutes to hours.

Chronic

Which adaptation guards the respiratory tract by propelling particles upward and outward?

Cilia

The membrane attack complex forms in which complement pathway(s)?

Classical, lectin, and alternative

Which of the following are exogenous pyrogens?

- A bacterial product such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - A fungal toxin

The increased flow of blood during inflammation causes which two cardinal signs?

- Calor - Rubor

Accumulation of exudate that gives rise to local swelling and hardness is known as ________.

- Edema - Tumor

What occurs as monocytes are transformed into macrophages?

- Enhancement of lysosomes - An increase in size

Which of the following are sites of major lymph nodes?

- Groin - Neck - Armpit

Which of the following are NOT exogenous pyrogens? Multiple select question. Histamine Interferon Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

- Histamine - Interferon - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

B-lymphocytes are involved in ____ immunity whereas T-lymphocytes are involved in ___ immunity.

- Humoral or antibody-mediated - cell-mediated or cellular

Which are true of fever?

- It increases metabolism. - It can inhibit multiplication of some microbes.

Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following areas at some stage of life? Multiple select question. Intestine Lymphatic organs Yellow bone marrow Liver Yolk sac Red bone marrow

- Lymphatic organs - Liver - Yolk sac - Red bone marrow

Which of the following are agranulocytic white blood cells?

- Lymphocytes - Monocytes

Which of the following cell types are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system?

- Macrophages - Neutrophils - Monocytes - Dendritic cells

Which of the following cell types can be activated/stimulated by interferon?

- Natural killer cells - Macrophages - B cells

Which of the following cell types are NOT involved in the third line of host defense? - Neutrophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Mast cells

- Neutrophils - Basophils - Mast cells

List the predominance of circulating leukocytes from most to least. - Lymphocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils - Monocytes - Neutrophils

- Neutrophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils

Which of the following are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?

- Pain - Redness - Warmth - Swelling

When a toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to a foreign molecule, what is stimulated?

- Phagocytosis - Release of chemical mediators

What is/are the role(s) of the lymph nodes?

- Providing sites for immune reactions - Filtration of lymphatic fluid - Provision of immune cells

Which properties of white blood cells assist with the process of diapedesis?

- Readily change shape - Actively motile

Which of the following are functions of the spleen?

- Remove worn-out RBCs from circulation - Filtration of pathogens from the blood

Which of the following are main functions of the inflammatory response?

- Repair of damaged tissues. - Destroy microbes and block their further invasion. - Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma.

Which of the following are functions of macrophages? Multiple select question. Secreting compounds that attract immune cells Producing histamines and prostaglandins to promote an allergic response Processing and presenting foreign molecules to lymphocytes Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells Producing antibodies against specific foreign invaders

- Secreting compounds that attract immune cells - Processing and presenting foreign molecules to lymphocytes - Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells

Eosinophils target and attack large eukaryotic pathogens, but they also function in the ____ and ____ response.

- allergic - inflammatory

During inflammation, a protein-rich fluid called ____ moves from the venules into the extracellular space, resulting in a swelling of tissue called ____.

- exudate - edema

Which of the following would be considered "nonself"? Multiple select question. epithelial cells fungi muscle tissue red blood cells bacteria viruses

- fungi - bacteria - viruses

In addition to responding to eukaryotic pathogens such as fungi and helminth worms, eosinophils also function in:

- inflammatory reactions - allergic reactions

The host defenses include ____ immunity which is present at birth, and ___ immunity which is acquired over time and specific in its action.

- innate nonspecific or natural - adaptive, specific, or acquired

Which of the following are characteristics of B lymphocytes?

- mature in the bone marrow - move freely between lymphoid organs and connective tissue - produce antibodies when activated

Structures that comprise some of the first line defenses in the respiratory tract are ____ ______ and _____ epithelium.

- nasal - hair - ciliated

Which of the following are phagocytic digestion mechanisms?

- nitric oxide -cationic proteins - hydrolytic enzymes - respiratory burst

Which of the following are contained in blood plasma?

- nutrients - wastes - dissolved gases - hormones - clotting factors

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include ____, ____, and ____ barriers.

- physical - chemical - genetic

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into which of the following cell types?

- thrombocytes - white blood cells - red blood cells

The swelling seen in inflammation is given the Latin term ___ , whereas the pain is given the term ___.

- tumor - dolor

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) responds to microbes entering through the ________ systems.

- urinary - gastrointestinal - respiratory

___ is the clear fluid from blood that contains clotting proteins, whereas _____ is the clear fluid from clotted blood that does not contain clotting proteins.

-Plasma - Serum

In the phagolysosome, the ____ burst produces products of oxygen metabolism called ____oxygen intermediates that damage or kill ingested microbes.

-respiratory - reactive

List the correct order of events in phagocytosis.

1. Chemotaxis 2. Ingestion 3. Phagolysosome formation 4. Killing of bacterial cells 5. Release of cellular debris

Give the correct order for the stages of complement activation. Instructions

1. Initiation 2. Amplification 3. Polymerization 4. Membrane attack

There are how many different types of complement activation pathways?

3

The complement system is composed of at least ________ proteins.

30

Which of the following are normal body temperature?

37 degrees Celsius 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

___ is a peptide released by skin cells that breaks down bacterial membranes, and causes lysis of bacterial cells.

Dermicidin

How does lymphatic fluid differ from blood? - Transports leukocytes - Does not contain red blood cells - Composed mainly of water

Does not contain red blood cells

How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina?

Action of microbiota

Which of the following is not a stage of complement activation. Multiple choice question. Initiation Membrane attack Polymerization Cascade Elongation Amplification

Elongation

_____ are the predominant type of cells circulating in the blood.

Erythrocytes

Which type of pathogens are targeted by eosinophils?

Eukaryotes

____ pyrogens originate from infectious agents, while ____ pyrogens are produced by host cells.

Exogenous Endogenous

___ pyrogens are the product of infectious agents and trigger ___

Exogenous Fever

Which are products of infectious agents?

Exogenous pyrogens

True or false: When treated early, chronic inflammation generally resolves within a few weeks or months.

False

True or false: Macrophages develop from activated neutrophils.

False - Macrophages develop from monocytes

True or false: Interferons only bind to virally infected host cell receptors.

False Reason: Interferons only bind to uninfected host cell receptors.

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for inflammation? Multiple choice question. Immune response Trauma Infection Fever

Fever

Which of the following activate the alternative complement pathway?

Antigens on microbe surfaces

A lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and is involved in the production of antibodies for humoral immunity is called a -lymphocyte.

B

____ share some morphological and functional similarities with mast cells, and parallel many of the actions of eosinophils.

Basophils

________ are motile granulocytes that function in inflammatory events and allergies by releasing histamine.

Basophils

The second line of host defenses includes fever, ____, ___, and ____.

Blank 1: inflammation Blank 2: phagocytosis Blank 3: interferon Blank 4: complement

Which is true regarding the action of interferons?

Both tumor suppressive effects and inhibition of cancer gene expression

The membrane attack complex (MAC) creates ___ in the membranes or viral envelopes of pathogen, resulting in their eventual lysis.

holes

In _____ immunity, a type of adaptive immune response, specialized B cells secrete antibodies into the body fluids.

humoral or antibody-mediated

Human body temperature is normally maintained by the ______.

hypothalamus

The ___ controls body temperature by regulating the body's heat production and heat loss.

hypothalamus

___ is the medical term for swelling.

tumor

Interferons are produced and secreted only by virally-_____ cells.

infected

Trauma, infection, or an immune response can trigger a nonspecific immune response called .____.

inflammation

____ is a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that restores homeostasis.

inflammation

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense? Multiple choice question. Physical barriers Genetic differences in susceptibility Chemical barriers Inflammatory response

inflammatory response

____ stimulates cells to produce antiviral proteins.

interferon

________ are small protein molecules produced by certain leukocytes and tissue cells in response to viral infection.

interferon

Which of the following is NOT a major type of interferon? Multiple choice question. Interferon gamma Interferon beta Interferon alpha Interferon delta

interferon delta

Fever impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of _____.

iron

Skin is protected by the insoluble protein ___.

keratin

Sugars called mannans activate the ____ complement pathway.

lectin

Fluid that has moved out of circulatory vessels, into extracellular spaces, and then into another system of capillaries is known as ________.

lymph

The composition of ____ fluid is very similar to that of blood, but differs in that it does not contain erythrocytes.

lymph

Filtration of lymphatic fluid occurs primarily in the ____ ____.

lymph nodes

Secondary lymphoid organs, where encounters with microbes and immune responses occur, include the ______.

lymph nodes and spleen

Lymph is transported through a system of ________ vessels.

lymphatic

Organs and tissues of both the circulatory system proper as well as the ____ system comprise the circulatory system.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the _____ system.

lymphatic

The second most predominating type of leukocyte in circulation is the ____.

lymphocytes

Which of the following group of leukocytes is composed of small spherical cells that are involved in the specific immune response?

lymphocytes

________ are the second most common group of leukocytes and include B cells, NK cells, and T cells.

lymphocytes

___ is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.

lysozyme

A(n) ____ is a large white blood cell derived from a monocyte.

macrophages

After monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream into the tissues, they are transformed into by ____ inflammatory mediators.

macrophages

Interferon gamma regulates ____ and ____ as well as neutrophils.

macrophages lymphocytes

An example of genetic differences in susceptibility to disease is the sickle-cell trait that confers resistance to _________.

malaria

Several molecules of the complement protein C9 are inserted into the plasma membrane of invading microbes to form the ____ ____ complex.

membrane attack

Acute inflammatory responses last from a few ___ to ____

minutes hours

A ___ is a large agranulocyte that differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells.

monocytes

Macrophages develop from _____.

monocytes

The agranulocytic leukocytes are include two general types, the ___ and _____.

monocytes lymphocytes

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

The body compartments that participate in the immune system are the:

mononuclear phagocyte system bloodstream lymphatic system extracellular fluid

Moist ____ membranes line the eye and the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts.

mucocutaneous

After completing phagocytosis and killing of engulfed microbes, neutrophils use a system called ___ ____ traps (NETS) to capture additional pathogens.

neutrophil extracellular

___ are the primary WBC components of pus.

neutrophils

Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens are recognized as "___" by the human immune response.

nonself, foreign, or antigen

The process by which complement proteins coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes is called .

opsonization

Erythrocytes transport ____ and carbon dioxide to and from tissues.

oxygen

The killing of microbes in the phagolysosome by products of oxygen metabolism is referred to as the ____ - ____ system, also known as the respiratory burst.

oxygen-dependent

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is ________.

unidirectional

IFN alpha and beta stimulate ________.

phagocytes

Which is NOT a function of platelets? - phagocytosis - clotting - inflammation - hemostasis

phagocytosis

The binding of PAMPs to TLRs results in a stimulation of ___ and release of chemical ____

phagocytosis mediators

A phagolysosome is the product of the fusion of a(n) ___ with a(n) ___

phagosome lysosome

A(n) _____ cell is derived from an activated B lymphocyte and produces and secretes antibodies.

plasma

Opaque matter formed during inflammation that consists of serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms is called ______.

pus

Pyogenic microbes form ________.

pus

Pus-forming bacteria are also called ___ organisms

pyogenic

A ___ is a circulating chemical substance that resets the control center in the hypothalamus to a higher body temperature setting.

pyrogen

Which component of the endothelial cells lining the venules assists with the process of diapedesis?

receptors for binding white blood cells

Secretions from ___ glands in the skin can have an antimicrobial effect.

sebaceous

The host inflammatory response is a component of the ________ line of defense.

second

Normal cells of the body, classified as "______," do not normally trigger an immune response.

self

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of ____ muscles around lymphatic ducts.

skeletal

The ____ provides an impervious and waterproof barrier to microbes.

skin

Which is NOT lined by moist mucous membranes? Multiple choice question. Skin Eye Throat Intestine

skin

Certain pathogens have specificity for only one _________ of organisms.

species

Some pathogens are capable of infecting only one host _____ such as humans or cats.

species

The ___ is similar in function to a lymph node except it filters blood instead of lymph.

spleen

___ cells are pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow.

stem or hematopoietic

Microbes can be removed from skin by the flushing effect of

sweat or sweat glands

First line defenses provided by resident biota include all of the following EXCEPT: Multiple choice question. secreting antimicrobial agents competition for nutrients and other resources synthesis and secretion of lysozyme blocking access by pathogens

synthesis and secretion of lysozyme

Microbes and other unwanted materials are flushed from the surface of the eyes by the flow of _____

tears

The hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme is found in:

tears saliva

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma? - Antibodies - Clotting factors - Immunochemicals - Dissolved nutrients - Formed elements

Formed elements

This associated lymphoid tissue provides immune function against intestinal pathogens and is a significant source of some types of antibodies.

GALT

____ is the associated lymphoid tissue that includes the appendix and Peyer's patches.

GALT

Which type of interferon regulates macrophages and lymphocytes?

Gamma

All three interferons bind to cell surface receptors and induce a change in ____ expression in the target cell, resulting in the production of antiviral proteins.

Gene or genetic

___ differences in susceptibility to infection and disease exist within members of a species.

Genetic or inhertited

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils all belong to which type of leukocytes?

Granulocytes

Which adaptation guards the respiratory tract from the largest particles?

Hair

Platelets function in which of the following? Multiple select question. Hemostasis Inflammation Complement Phagocytosis Clotting

Hemostasis Inflammation Clotting

___ migrate to specific tissues and remain there during their life span.

Histiocytes

Bacterial PAMPs are recognized by which cells?

Host phagocytes

How do interferons activate white blood cells?

How do interferons activate white blood cells?

Which type of immunity mainly involves the action of B cells?

Humoral

____ is the study of all features of the body's second and third line of defenses.

Immunology

_____ is the study of all feature's of the body's response to, and defense against, infectious microbes, cancer, and allergy.

Immunology

Which of the following are not cutaneous barriers? - Intestinal villi - Hair follicles - Meninges - Skin glands

Intestinal villi Meninges

Which of the following is NOT a main function of inflammation? Multiple choice question. Destroy or block microbes Repair tissue damage Lead to allergic response Stimulate immune cells

Lead to allergic response

Which of the following are bacterial PAMPs?

Lipopolysaccharide Flagellin Peptidoglycan

Which is an exogenous pyrogen?

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which of the following is NOT an endogenous pyrogen? - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which of the following cell types is NOT a one of the major phagocytic cells of the immune system? Multiple choice question. Neutrophils Dendritic cells Monocytes Macrophages Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Which of the following make up 20-35% of circulating leukocytes?

Lymphocytes

_____ are participants of the specific immune response and are characterized as small, spherical cells with uniformly-staining dark, round nuclei.

Lymphocytes

________ react to foreign substances in the third line of defense.

Lymphocytes

Organs lined with mucous membranes contain a discrete population of lymphocytes and other white blood cells known as ________ to respond to the constant influx of microbes through theses portals of entry.

MALT

Which is NOT a main responsibility of the immune system? Multiple choice question. Maintenance of normal flora Destruction of pathogens Recognition of foreign material Surveillance of the body

Maintenance of normal flora

Which of the following activate the lectin complement pathway?

Mannans

A non-motile cell bound to connective tissue along capillaries and contains granules that store (and release) mediators of inflammation and allergy such as histamine is known as a(n) ____ cell.

Mast

Which is engulfed by phagocytes?

Microbes, dust, and dead cells

Which of the following make up 3-7% of circulating leukocytes?

Monocytes

Which is involved in the oxygen-dependent system used in digestion within phagolysosomes?

Myeloperoxidase

Which cells are elevated in bacterial infections?

Neutrophils

Which cells are the first phagocytes to act in inflammation?

Neutrophils

Which type of leukocyte spends most of its life in the tissues serving as a major phagocytic cell?

Neutrophils

Which white blood cells are the primary components of pus?

Neutrophils

____ are a type of leukocyte that circulate in the blood in high numbers but spend most of their life in the tissues serving as phagocytes.

Neutrophils

______ are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs.

Neutrophils

_____ make up 55 - 90% of circulating leukocytes.

Neutrophils or PMNs

Which is NOT transported to and from tissues by erythrocytes? Multiple choice question. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Nitrogen

Molecules shared by many microbes that act as "red flags" for white blood cells are known as

PAMPs

In which of the following locations does hematopoiesis NEVER occur at any time in the human life cycle?

Pancreas

TLRs interact with ___ ____ ___ patterns (or PAMPs for short) on the surfaces of many pathogens.

Pathogen associated molecular

Which is NOT an fever-reducing drug? Multiple choice question. Acetaminophen Aspirin Penicillin

Penicillin

By what mechanism does the membrane attack complex destroy pathogens?

Perforation

In which vacuole does a phagocyte initially enclose foreign material?

Phagosome

______ cells are derived from activated B lymphocytes and produce and secrete antibodies.

Plasma

____ are formed elements in the blood that are involved in hemostasis and blood clotting.

Platelets or Thrombocytes

Neutrophils are also called ____ neutrophils or PMNs.

Polymorphonuclear

Which does NOT represent a function of macrophages? Multiple choice question. - Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells - Presenting processed antigens to lymphocytes - Secreting compounds that attract immune system cells - Producing antibodies

Producing antibodies

Which does NOT represent a function of macrophages? Multiple choice question. Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells Producing antibodies Presenting processed antigens to lymphocytes Secreting compounds that attract immune system cells

Producing antibodies

Which is NOT a direct function of the complement system? Multiple choice question. Raising body temperature Opsonizing antigens Enhancing inflammation Destroying pathogens

Raising body temperature

Surveillance for pathogens is not carried out by which of the following components of the blood? Multiple select question. - White blood cells - Red blood cells - Platelet cells

Red blood cells Platelet Cells

There are ___ major types of interferon.

three

The primary lymphoid organs, sites of lymphocyte formation, are the ______.

thymus gland and bone marrow

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

Sebum, saliva, and tears

Which body site contains hydrochloric acid that inhibits many microbes?

Stomach

The ____ of monocytes contain stored digestive enzymes.

vacuoles

Which is a function of white blood cells?

Surveillance for pathogens

The direct attack of foreign or abnormal cells by _____ -lymphocytes is known as cell-mediated immunity.

T

____-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland whereas ____-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.

T; B

This gland is located in the thoracic cavity and serves as the site for T cell maturation.

Thymus

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes are formed or reside?

Thymus gland Bone marrow

___ - ____ receptors are the best understood example of pattern recognition receptors found on phagocytes that recognize common molecules patterns on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response.

Toll-like

True or false: Chronic inflammation can lead to host tissue destruction.

True

True or false: Complement action enhances inflammation.

True

True or false: Enzymatic digestion of bacteria can occur within 30 minutes

True

True or false: Interferon activates natural killer cells, T cells, B cells, and phagocytes.

True

True or false: Interferon is host-specific but not virus-specific.

True

True or false: Phagocytes engulf and digest antigens such as microbes, dust and dead cells.

True

True or false: The membrane attack complex forms with all three types of complement activation.

True

True or false: There are 3 types of complement activation pathways.

True

Which of the following are NOT fever-reducing drugs? - aspirin - tumor necrosis factor -histamine - penicillin - acetaminophen

Tumor necrosis factor Histamine Penicillin

Which are endogenous pyrogens?

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Which receptors do interferons bind to?

Uninfected host cell receptors

Where is the spleen located?

Upper left abdomen

_____ is a term for the widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area.

Vasodilation

Which type(s) of host cells produce interferon in the case of a viral infection?

Virally infected cells only

Once a phagocyte has encountered a pathogen it uses its ___ - ____ receptors (TLRs) to make contact with the pathogen.

toll-like

Which of the following is not a PAMP found on the surface of bacterial cells? Multiple choice question. Lipopolysaccharide Peptidoglycan Zymosan Flagellin

Zymosan

The classical complement pathway is a pathway of complement activation initiated by ______.

a specific antigen-antibody interaction

The third line of defense is a powerful system of specific responses to infectious agents called ____ or ____ immunity.

adaptive acquired

White blood cells with an unlobed, rounded nucleus and the absence of tiny inclusions in their cytoplasm are referred to as ________.

agranulocytes

When viewing leukocytes under a light microscope, staining with a hematologic stain cells produces some cells with granular structures in the cytoplasm. Leukocytes that do not have visible cytoplasmic granules under these conditions are called _____.

agranulocytes or agranulocyte

Plasma contains globulin proteins, which include ____.

antibodies

As part of the nonspecific chemical defense, semen contains a(n) ____ ____ that inhibits bacteria.

antimicrobial chemical

Chemotactic factors are cytokines that

attract WBCs to the site of inflammation.

Hematopoiesis is the process by which all ____ cells are formed in bone marrow.

blood

The system of vessels that transport lymph are built along the lines of _____ vessels.

blood

The fever response is defined as an abnormally elevated ____ _____ .

body temperature

Fever is an increase in body temperature that is associated with:

cancer allergy infection

T-lymphocytes directly attacking foreign or abnormal cells is known as ______ immunity.

cell-mediated

Substances known as ________ are released by cells in an injured area that act on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.

chemical mediators cytokines

____ factors (chemokines) are cytokines that stimulate the movement of white blood cells.

chemotactic

Phagocyte migration to inflammation areas when attracted by stimulants from both parasite and host tissue is an example of ______.

chemotaxis

The process of ___ refers to the migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area.

chemotaxis

The process of ____ refers to the migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area.

chemotaxis

The circulatory system consists of the organs and tissues of both the ________ and ________.

circulatory system proper lymphatic system

Serous fluid exudate is ______, while pus is ______ due to the presence of cells.

clear; opaque

Opsonization is the way that complement proteins

coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes.

The ___ system is a cascade of serum proteins that form a membrane attack complex.

complement

The ____ system of blood proteins enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

complement

Skin glands and hair follicles are ____, or skin, barriers.

cutaneous

A(n) ____ is a chemical substance produced by blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

cytokine

A(n) ____ cell is a large, antigen-processing cell characterized by long, thin cell processes.

dendritic

The transmigration of white blood cells across capillary walls into deeper tissues is called ________.

diapedesis

The function of the phagolysosome is to ______.

digest the ingested particles or cell

The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that, when activated, results in all of the following EXCEPT: Multiple choice question. enhancement of phagocytosis formation of membrane attack complexes enhancement of antibody production enhancement of inflammation

enhancement of antibody production

Immunologic responses to fungal and helminth worm infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions are carried out by .

eosinophils

"____" is the scientific term for a red blood cell.

erythrocytes

Interferons are known to inhibit the ___ of cancer genes and to have tumor ___ effects.

expression suppressor

Products from a lysed neutrophil that capture and immobilize microbes to keep them from spreading make up the neutrophil ______.

extracellular traps

Lymph only flows in one direction, from the ____ to the ______.

extremities heart

Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called ______.

exudate

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism? Multiple choice question. Inflammation Phagocytosis Vomiting Fever

vomiting

Microorganisms or noxious substances can be evacuated from the body by _____ or _____.

vomiting defecation

The liquid connective tissue consisting of cells, such as erythrocytes and leukocytes, along with platelets suspended in plasma is called ________.

whole blood

The synthesis of interferon against one type of virus ____ protect against other types of viruses.

will

Basophils make up less than ________ of circulating leukocytes.

0.5%

Along with mast cells, ____ are types of granulocytic leukocytes that mediate immediate allergies by releasing histamine.

Basophils

Which component of the intestinal contents can be destructive to microbes?

Bile

________ is the process by which all blood cells are formed in bone marrow.

Hematopoiesis

Peptides produced by cells and tissues that damage cell membranes and lyse bacteria and fungi are ____.

Defensins

________ is the shedding of the outermost layer of epithelial cells.

Desquamation

True or false: Immunology only involves the body's response to infectious microbial agents.

False Reason: Cancer and allergy are part of this diverse field

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense? Multiple choice question. Physical barriers Antibody production Genetic differences Chemical barriers

Antibody production

White blood cells carry a variety of ___ ____ ____ that allow them to detect foreign substances.

Pattern recognition receptors

The resident biota can act as a first line defense by: Multiple select question. - Blocking access of pathogens - Competing for nutrients - Secreting lysozyme and lactoferrin - Forming an anatomical barrier

- Blocking access of pathogens - Competing for nutrients

Which are main responsibilities of the immune system? Multiple select question. - Recognition of antigens - Transporting oxygen to tissues - Destruction of pathogens - Surveillance for foreign material - Digestion of food and nutrients

- Surveillance for foreign material - Recognition of antigens - Destruction of pathogens

It is critical for the immune system to differentiate between ____ and ____.

- self - nonself or non-self

Which type(s) of cells normally trigger an immune response?

Non-self

Which contains clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes?

Plasma

Which line(s) of defense is/are part of immunology?

Second Third

In the respiratory tract, ____ on the epithelium convey trapped foreign particles entrapped in mucus towards the pharynx for removal.

cilia

Coughing and sneezing are ________ line defenses that expel air from the respiratory tract.

first

The ____ line of defense includes barriers that block invasion through a portal of entry.

first

The two groups in which leukocytes are divided are

granulocytic. agranulocytic.

The flow of which of the following carry microbes away from the respiratory tract?

mucus

In addition to phagocytosis and initiation of inflammation, white blood cells have the capacity to discover foreign substances using surface receptors known as _________.

pattern recognition receptors

TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that are found on the surface of _____.

phagocytes

Toll-like receptors are found within the cell membrane of ____

phagocytes

The main role of neutrophils is ___

phagocytosis

____ is the fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors; and in which blood cells are normally suspended.

plasma

The clear fluid that remains after clotting proteins are removed from blood is called ________.

serum

The ____ is a host barrier that has an acidic pH and secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds.

skin or epidermis

The main important role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in immune function is:

the provision of a passageway within and between tissues

The protein receptors found on phagocytes that recognize molecules on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response are called ____

toll-like receptors

The flow of ________ flushes the urethra.

urine

Lactobacilli maintain a protective pH in the _____.

vagina

The main fluid in plasma is ______.

water