Chapter 14 An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities
An early indication of inflammation is elevated levels of _____-_____ protein produced by the liver.
C-reactive
A protein produced by the liver that stimulates phagocytosis and promotes the complement system during the inflammatory response is called the
C-reactive protein
The protein activated by the amplification of the complement system that goes on to facilitate polymerization of the remaining complement factors in the membrane of the target cell is called_____ .
C3
Multiple copies of which complement protein are inserted into the plasma membrane of an invader to form a membrane attack complex?
C9
________ is the migration of WBCs to the site of infection or trauma in response to chemical messages.
Chemotaxis
_____ inflammation can last anywhere from a few days to years as opposed to acute inflammation that lasts for minutes to hours.
Chronic
Which adaptation guards the respiratory tract by propelling particles upward and outward?
Cilia
The membrane attack complex forms in which complement pathway(s)?
Classical, lectin, and alternative
Which of the following are exogenous pyrogens?
- A bacterial product such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - A fungal toxin
The increased flow of blood during inflammation causes which two cardinal signs?
- Calor - Rubor
Accumulation of exudate that gives rise to local swelling and hardness is known as ________.
- Edema - Tumor
What occurs as monocytes are transformed into macrophages?
- Enhancement of lysosomes - An increase in size
Which of the following are sites of major lymph nodes?
- Groin - Neck - Armpit
Which of the following are NOT exogenous pyrogens? Multiple select question. Histamine Interferon Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- Histamine - Interferon - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B-lymphocytes are involved in ____ immunity whereas T-lymphocytes are involved in ___ immunity.
- Humoral or antibody-mediated - cell-mediated or cellular
Which are true of fever?
- It increases metabolism. - It can inhibit multiplication of some microbes.
Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following areas at some stage of life? Multiple select question. Intestine Lymphatic organs Yellow bone marrow Liver Yolk sac Red bone marrow
- Lymphatic organs - Liver - Yolk sac - Red bone marrow
Which of the following are agranulocytic white blood cells?
- Lymphocytes - Monocytes
Which of the following cell types are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system?
- Macrophages - Neutrophils - Monocytes - Dendritic cells
Which of the following cell types can be activated/stimulated by interferon?
- Natural killer cells - Macrophages - B cells
Which of the following cell types are NOT involved in the third line of host defense? - Neutrophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Mast cells
- Neutrophils - Basophils - Mast cells
List the predominance of circulating leukocytes from most to least. - Lymphocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils - Monocytes - Neutrophils
- Neutrophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils
Which of the following are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
- Pain - Redness - Warmth - Swelling
When a toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to a foreign molecule, what is stimulated?
- Phagocytosis - Release of chemical mediators
What is/are the role(s) of the lymph nodes?
- Providing sites for immune reactions - Filtration of lymphatic fluid - Provision of immune cells
Which properties of white blood cells assist with the process of diapedesis?
- Readily change shape - Actively motile
Which of the following are functions of the spleen?
- Remove worn-out RBCs from circulation - Filtration of pathogens from the blood
Which of the following are main functions of the inflammatory response?
- Repair of damaged tissues. - Destroy microbes and block their further invasion. - Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma.
Which of the following are functions of macrophages? Multiple select question. Secreting compounds that attract immune cells Producing histamines and prostaglandins to promote an allergic response Processing and presenting foreign molecules to lymphocytes Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells Producing antibodies against specific foreign invaders
- Secreting compounds that attract immune cells - Processing and presenting foreign molecules to lymphocytes - Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells
Eosinophils target and attack large eukaryotic pathogens, but they also function in the ____ and ____ response.
- allergic - inflammatory
During inflammation, a protein-rich fluid called ____ moves from the venules into the extracellular space, resulting in a swelling of tissue called ____.
- exudate - edema
Which of the following would be considered "nonself"? Multiple select question. epithelial cells fungi muscle tissue red blood cells bacteria viruses
- fungi - bacteria - viruses
In addition to responding to eukaryotic pathogens such as fungi and helminth worms, eosinophils also function in:
- inflammatory reactions - allergic reactions
The host defenses include ____ immunity which is present at birth, and ___ immunity which is acquired over time and specific in its action.
- innate nonspecific or natural - adaptive, specific, or acquired
Which of the following are characteristics of B lymphocytes?
- mature in the bone marrow - move freely between lymphoid organs and connective tissue - produce antibodies when activated
Structures that comprise some of the first line defenses in the respiratory tract are ____ ______ and _____ epithelium.
- nasal - hair - ciliated
Which of the following are phagocytic digestion mechanisms?
- nitric oxide -cationic proteins - hydrolytic enzymes - respiratory burst
Which of the following are contained in blood plasma?
- nutrients - wastes - dissolved gases - hormones - clotting factors
Inborn, nonspecific defenses include ____, ____, and ____ barriers.
- physical - chemical - genetic
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into which of the following cell types?
- thrombocytes - white blood cells - red blood cells
The swelling seen in inflammation is given the Latin term ___ , whereas the pain is given the term ___.
- tumor - dolor
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) responds to microbes entering through the ________ systems.
- urinary - gastrointestinal - respiratory
___ is the clear fluid from blood that contains clotting proteins, whereas _____ is the clear fluid from clotted blood that does not contain clotting proteins.
-Plasma - Serum
In the phagolysosome, the ____ burst produces products of oxygen metabolism called ____oxygen intermediates that damage or kill ingested microbes.
-respiratory - reactive
List the correct order of events in phagocytosis.
1. Chemotaxis 2. Ingestion 3. Phagolysosome formation 4. Killing of bacterial cells 5. Release of cellular debris
Give the correct order for the stages of complement activation. Instructions
1. Initiation 2. Amplification 3. Polymerization 4. Membrane attack
There are how many different types of complement activation pathways?
3
The complement system is composed of at least ________ proteins.
30
Which of the following are normal body temperature?
37 degrees Celsius 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
___ is a peptide released by skin cells that breaks down bacterial membranes, and causes lysis of bacterial cells.
Dermicidin
How does lymphatic fluid differ from blood? - Transports leukocytes - Does not contain red blood cells - Composed mainly of water
Does not contain red blood cells
How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina?
Action of microbiota
Which of the following is not a stage of complement activation. Multiple choice question. Initiation Membrane attack Polymerization Cascade Elongation Amplification
Elongation
_____ are the predominant type of cells circulating in the blood.
Erythrocytes
Which type of pathogens are targeted by eosinophils?
Eukaryotes
____ pyrogens originate from infectious agents, while ____ pyrogens are produced by host cells.
Exogenous Endogenous
___ pyrogens are the product of infectious agents and trigger ___
Exogenous Fever
Which are products of infectious agents?
Exogenous pyrogens
True or false: When treated early, chronic inflammation generally resolves within a few weeks or months.
False
True or false: Macrophages develop from activated neutrophils.
False - Macrophages develop from monocytes
True or false: Interferons only bind to virally infected host cell receptors.
False Reason: Interferons only bind to uninfected host cell receptors.
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for inflammation? Multiple choice question. Immune response Trauma Infection Fever
Fever
Which of the following activate the alternative complement pathway?
Antigens on microbe surfaces
A lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and is involved in the production of antibodies for humoral immunity is called a -lymphocyte.
B
____ share some morphological and functional similarities with mast cells, and parallel many of the actions of eosinophils.
Basophils
________ are motile granulocytes that function in inflammatory events and allergies by releasing histamine.
Basophils
The second line of host defenses includes fever, ____, ___, and ____.
Blank 1: inflammation Blank 2: phagocytosis Blank 3: interferon Blank 4: complement
Which is true regarding the action of interferons?
Both tumor suppressive effects and inhibition of cancer gene expression
The membrane attack complex (MAC) creates ___ in the membranes or viral envelopes of pathogen, resulting in their eventual lysis.
holes
In _____ immunity, a type of adaptive immune response, specialized B cells secrete antibodies into the body fluids.
humoral or antibody-mediated
Human body temperature is normally maintained by the ______.
hypothalamus
The ___ controls body temperature by regulating the body's heat production and heat loss.
hypothalamus
___ is the medical term for swelling.
tumor
Interferons are produced and secreted only by virally-_____ cells.
infected
Trauma, infection, or an immune response can trigger a nonspecific immune response called .____.
inflammation
____ is a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that restores homeostasis.
inflammation
Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense? Multiple choice question. Physical barriers Genetic differences in susceptibility Chemical barriers Inflammatory response
inflammatory response
____ stimulates cells to produce antiviral proteins.
interferon
________ are small protein molecules produced by certain leukocytes and tissue cells in response to viral infection.
interferon
Which of the following is NOT a major type of interferon? Multiple choice question. Interferon gamma Interferon beta Interferon alpha Interferon delta
interferon delta
Fever impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of _____.
iron
Skin is protected by the insoluble protein ___.
keratin
Sugars called mannans activate the ____ complement pathway.
lectin
Fluid that has moved out of circulatory vessels, into extracellular spaces, and then into another system of capillaries is known as ________.
lymph
The composition of ____ fluid is very similar to that of blood, but differs in that it does not contain erythrocytes.
lymph
Filtration of lymphatic fluid occurs primarily in the ____ ____.
lymph nodes
Secondary lymphoid organs, where encounters with microbes and immune responses occur, include the ______.
lymph nodes and spleen
Lymph is transported through a system of ________ vessels.
lymphatic
Organs and tissues of both the circulatory system proper as well as the ____ system comprise the circulatory system.
lymphatic
The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the _____ system.
lymphatic
The second most predominating type of leukocyte in circulation is the ____.
lymphocytes
Which of the following group of leukocytes is composed of small spherical cells that are involved in the specific immune response?
lymphocytes
________ are the second most common group of leukocytes and include B cells, NK cells, and T cells.
lymphocytes
___ is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.
lysozyme
A(n) ____ is a large white blood cell derived from a monocyte.
macrophages
After monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream into the tissues, they are transformed into by ____ inflammatory mediators.
macrophages
Interferon gamma regulates ____ and ____ as well as neutrophils.
macrophages lymphocytes
An example of genetic differences in susceptibility to disease is the sickle-cell trait that confers resistance to _________.
malaria
Several molecules of the complement protein C9 are inserted into the plasma membrane of invading microbes to form the ____ ____ complex.
membrane attack
Acute inflammatory responses last from a few ___ to ____
minutes hours
A ___ is a large agranulocyte that differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells.
monocytes
Macrophages develop from _____.
monocytes
The agranulocytic leukocytes are include two general types, the ___ and _____.
monocytes lymphocytes
All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.
mononuclear phagocyte
The body compartments that participate in the immune system are the:
mononuclear phagocyte system bloodstream lymphatic system extracellular fluid
Moist ____ membranes line the eye and the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts.
mucocutaneous
After completing phagocytosis and killing of engulfed microbes, neutrophils use a system called ___ ____ traps (NETS) to capture additional pathogens.
neutrophil extracellular
___ are the primary WBC components of pus.
neutrophils
Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens are recognized as "___" by the human immune response.
nonself, foreign, or antigen
The process by which complement proteins coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes is called .
opsonization
Erythrocytes transport ____ and carbon dioxide to and from tissues.
oxygen
The killing of microbes in the phagolysosome by products of oxygen metabolism is referred to as the ____ - ____ system, also known as the respiratory burst.
oxygen-dependent
The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is ________.
unidirectional
IFN alpha and beta stimulate ________.
phagocytes
Which is NOT a function of platelets? - phagocytosis - clotting - inflammation - hemostasis
phagocytosis
The binding of PAMPs to TLRs results in a stimulation of ___ and release of chemical ____
phagocytosis mediators
A phagolysosome is the product of the fusion of a(n) ___ with a(n) ___
phagosome lysosome
A(n) _____ cell is derived from an activated B lymphocyte and produces and secretes antibodies.
plasma
Opaque matter formed during inflammation that consists of serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms is called ______.
pus
Pyogenic microbes form ________.
pus
Pus-forming bacteria are also called ___ organisms
pyogenic
A ___ is a circulating chemical substance that resets the control center in the hypothalamus to a higher body temperature setting.
pyrogen
Which component of the endothelial cells lining the venules assists with the process of diapedesis?
receptors for binding white blood cells
Secretions from ___ glands in the skin can have an antimicrobial effect.
sebaceous
The host inflammatory response is a component of the ________ line of defense.
second
Normal cells of the body, classified as "______," do not normally trigger an immune response.
self
Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of ____ muscles around lymphatic ducts.
skeletal
The ____ provides an impervious and waterproof barrier to microbes.
skin
Which is NOT lined by moist mucous membranes? Multiple choice question. Skin Eye Throat Intestine
skin
Certain pathogens have specificity for only one _________ of organisms.
species
Some pathogens are capable of infecting only one host _____ such as humans or cats.
species
The ___ is similar in function to a lymph node except it filters blood instead of lymph.
spleen
___ cells are pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow.
stem or hematopoietic
Microbes can be removed from skin by the flushing effect of
sweat or sweat glands
First line defenses provided by resident biota include all of the following EXCEPT: Multiple choice question. secreting antimicrobial agents competition for nutrients and other resources synthesis and secretion of lysozyme blocking access by pathogens
synthesis and secretion of lysozyme
Microbes and other unwanted materials are flushed from the surface of the eyes by the flow of _____
tears
The hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme is found in:
tears saliva
Which of the following is not found in blood plasma? - Antibodies - Clotting factors - Immunochemicals - Dissolved nutrients - Formed elements
Formed elements
This associated lymphoid tissue provides immune function against intestinal pathogens and is a significant source of some types of antibodies.
GALT
____ is the associated lymphoid tissue that includes the appendix and Peyer's patches.
GALT
Which type of interferon regulates macrophages and lymphocytes?
Gamma
All three interferons bind to cell surface receptors and induce a change in ____ expression in the target cell, resulting in the production of antiviral proteins.
Gene or genetic
___ differences in susceptibility to infection and disease exist within members of a species.
Genetic or inhertited
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils all belong to which type of leukocytes?
Granulocytes
Which adaptation guards the respiratory tract from the largest particles?
Hair
Platelets function in which of the following? Multiple select question. Hemostasis Inflammation Complement Phagocytosis Clotting
Hemostasis Inflammation Clotting
___ migrate to specific tissues and remain there during their life span.
Histiocytes
Bacterial PAMPs are recognized by which cells?
Host phagocytes
How do interferons activate white blood cells?
How do interferons activate white blood cells?
Which type of immunity mainly involves the action of B cells?
Humoral
____ is the study of all features of the body's second and third line of defenses.
Immunology
_____ is the study of all feature's of the body's response to, and defense against, infectious microbes, cancer, and allergy.
Immunology
Which of the following are not cutaneous barriers? - Intestinal villi - Hair follicles - Meninges - Skin glands
Intestinal villi Meninges
Which of the following is NOT a main function of inflammation? Multiple choice question. Destroy or block microbes Repair tissue damage Lead to allergic response Stimulate immune cells
Lead to allergic response
Which of the following are bacterial PAMPs?
Lipopolysaccharide Flagellin Peptidoglycan
Which is an exogenous pyrogen?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Which of the following is NOT an endogenous pyrogen? - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Which of the following cell types is NOT a one of the major phagocytic cells of the immune system? Multiple choice question. Neutrophils Dendritic cells Monocytes Macrophages Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
Which of the following make up 20-35% of circulating leukocytes?
Lymphocytes
_____ are participants of the specific immune response and are characterized as small, spherical cells with uniformly-staining dark, round nuclei.
Lymphocytes
________ react to foreign substances in the third line of defense.
Lymphocytes
Organs lined with mucous membranes contain a discrete population of lymphocytes and other white blood cells known as ________ to respond to the constant influx of microbes through theses portals of entry.
MALT
Which is NOT a main responsibility of the immune system? Multiple choice question. Maintenance of normal flora Destruction of pathogens Recognition of foreign material Surveillance of the body
Maintenance of normal flora
Which of the following activate the lectin complement pathway?
Mannans
A non-motile cell bound to connective tissue along capillaries and contains granules that store (and release) mediators of inflammation and allergy such as histamine is known as a(n) ____ cell.
Mast
Which is engulfed by phagocytes?
Microbes, dust, and dead cells
Which of the following make up 3-7% of circulating leukocytes?
Monocytes
Which is involved in the oxygen-dependent system used in digestion within phagolysosomes?
Myeloperoxidase
Which cells are elevated in bacterial infections?
Neutrophils
Which cells are the first phagocytes to act in inflammation?
Neutrophils
Which type of leukocyte spends most of its life in the tissues serving as a major phagocytic cell?
Neutrophils
Which white blood cells are the primary components of pus?
Neutrophils
____ are a type of leukocyte that circulate in the blood in high numbers but spend most of their life in the tissues serving as phagocytes.
Neutrophils
______ are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs.
Neutrophils
_____ make up 55 - 90% of circulating leukocytes.
Neutrophils or PMNs
Which is NOT transported to and from tissues by erythrocytes? Multiple choice question. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Molecules shared by many microbes that act as "red flags" for white blood cells are known as
PAMPs
In which of the following locations does hematopoiesis NEVER occur at any time in the human life cycle?
Pancreas
TLRs interact with ___ ____ ___ patterns (or PAMPs for short) on the surfaces of many pathogens.
Pathogen associated molecular
Which is NOT an fever-reducing drug? Multiple choice question. Acetaminophen Aspirin Penicillin
Penicillin
By what mechanism does the membrane attack complex destroy pathogens?
Perforation
In which vacuole does a phagocyte initially enclose foreign material?
Phagosome
______ cells are derived from activated B lymphocytes and produce and secrete antibodies.
Plasma
____ are formed elements in the blood that are involved in hemostasis and blood clotting.
Platelets or Thrombocytes
Neutrophils are also called ____ neutrophils or PMNs.
Polymorphonuclear
Which does NOT represent a function of macrophages? Multiple choice question. - Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells - Presenting processed antigens to lymphocytes - Secreting compounds that attract immune system cells - Producing antibodies
Producing antibodies
Which does NOT represent a function of macrophages? Multiple choice question. Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells Producing antibodies Presenting processed antigens to lymphocytes Secreting compounds that attract immune system cells
Producing antibodies
Which is NOT a direct function of the complement system? Multiple choice question. Raising body temperature Opsonizing antigens Enhancing inflammation Destroying pathogens
Raising body temperature
Surveillance for pathogens is not carried out by which of the following components of the blood? Multiple select question. - White blood cells - Red blood cells - Platelet cells
Red blood cells Platelet Cells
There are ___ major types of interferon.
three
The primary lymphoid organs, sites of lymphocyte formation, are the ______.
thymus gland and bone marrow
Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?
Sebum, saliva, and tears
Which body site contains hydrochloric acid that inhibits many microbes?
Stomach
The ____ of monocytes contain stored digestive enzymes.
vacuoles
Which is a function of white blood cells?
Surveillance for pathogens
The direct attack of foreign or abnormal cells by _____ -lymphocytes is known as cell-mediated immunity.
T
____-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland whereas ____-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.
T; B
This gland is located in the thoracic cavity and serves as the site for T cell maturation.
Thymus
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes are formed or reside?
Thymus gland Bone marrow
___ - ____ receptors are the best understood example of pattern recognition receptors found on phagocytes that recognize common molecules patterns on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response.
Toll-like
True or false: Chronic inflammation can lead to host tissue destruction.
True
True or false: Complement action enhances inflammation.
True
True or false: Enzymatic digestion of bacteria can occur within 30 minutes
True
True or false: Interferon activates natural killer cells, T cells, B cells, and phagocytes.
True
True or false: Interferon is host-specific but not virus-specific.
True
True or false: Phagocytes engulf and digest antigens such as microbes, dust and dead cells.
True
True or false: The membrane attack complex forms with all three types of complement activation.
True
True or false: There are 3 types of complement activation pathways.
True
Which of the following are NOT fever-reducing drugs? - aspirin - tumor necrosis factor -histamine - penicillin - acetaminophen
Tumor necrosis factor Histamine Penicillin
Which are endogenous pyrogens?
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Which receptors do interferons bind to?
Uninfected host cell receptors
Where is the spleen located?
Upper left abdomen
_____ is a term for the widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area.
Vasodilation
Which type(s) of host cells produce interferon in the case of a viral infection?
Virally infected cells only
Once a phagocyte has encountered a pathogen it uses its ___ - ____ receptors (TLRs) to make contact with the pathogen.
toll-like
Which of the following is not a PAMP found on the surface of bacterial cells? Multiple choice question. Lipopolysaccharide Peptidoglycan Zymosan Flagellin
Zymosan
The classical complement pathway is a pathway of complement activation initiated by ______.
a specific antigen-antibody interaction
The third line of defense is a powerful system of specific responses to infectious agents called ____ or ____ immunity.
adaptive acquired
White blood cells with an unlobed, rounded nucleus and the absence of tiny inclusions in their cytoplasm are referred to as ________.
agranulocytes
When viewing leukocytes under a light microscope, staining with a hematologic stain cells produces some cells with granular structures in the cytoplasm. Leukocytes that do not have visible cytoplasmic granules under these conditions are called _____.
agranulocytes or agranulocyte
Plasma contains globulin proteins, which include ____.
antibodies
As part of the nonspecific chemical defense, semen contains a(n) ____ ____ that inhibits bacteria.
antimicrobial chemical
Chemotactic factors are cytokines that
attract WBCs to the site of inflammation.
Hematopoiesis is the process by which all ____ cells are formed in bone marrow.
blood
The system of vessels that transport lymph are built along the lines of _____ vessels.
blood
The fever response is defined as an abnormally elevated ____ _____ .
body temperature
Fever is an increase in body temperature that is associated with:
cancer allergy infection
T-lymphocytes directly attacking foreign or abnormal cells is known as ______ immunity.
cell-mediated
Substances known as ________ are released by cells in an injured area that act on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
chemical mediators cytokines
____ factors (chemokines) are cytokines that stimulate the movement of white blood cells.
chemotactic
Phagocyte migration to inflammation areas when attracted by stimulants from both parasite and host tissue is an example of ______.
chemotaxis
The process of ___ refers to the migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area.
chemotaxis
The process of ____ refers to the migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area.
chemotaxis
The circulatory system consists of the organs and tissues of both the ________ and ________.
circulatory system proper lymphatic system
Serous fluid exudate is ______, while pus is ______ due to the presence of cells.
clear; opaque
Opsonization is the way that complement proteins
coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes.
The ___ system is a cascade of serum proteins that form a membrane attack complex.
complement
The ____ system of blood proteins enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
complement
Skin glands and hair follicles are ____, or skin, barriers.
cutaneous
A(n) ____ is a chemical substance produced by blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.
cytokine
A(n) ____ cell is a large, antigen-processing cell characterized by long, thin cell processes.
dendritic
The transmigration of white blood cells across capillary walls into deeper tissues is called ________.
diapedesis
The function of the phagolysosome is to ______.
digest the ingested particles or cell
The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that, when activated, results in all of the following EXCEPT: Multiple choice question. enhancement of phagocytosis formation of membrane attack complexes enhancement of antibody production enhancement of inflammation
enhancement of antibody production
Immunologic responses to fungal and helminth worm infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions are carried out by .
eosinophils
"____" is the scientific term for a red blood cell.
erythrocytes
Interferons are known to inhibit the ___ of cancer genes and to have tumor ___ effects.
expression suppressor
Products from a lysed neutrophil that capture and immobilize microbes to keep them from spreading make up the neutrophil ______.
extracellular traps
Lymph only flows in one direction, from the ____ to the ______.
extremities heart
Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called ______.
exudate
Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism? Multiple choice question. Inflammation Phagocytosis Vomiting Fever
vomiting
Microorganisms or noxious substances can be evacuated from the body by _____ or _____.
vomiting defecation
The liquid connective tissue consisting of cells, such as erythrocytes and leukocytes, along with platelets suspended in plasma is called ________.
whole blood
The synthesis of interferon against one type of virus ____ protect against other types of viruses.
will
Basophils make up less than ________ of circulating leukocytes.
0.5%
Along with mast cells, ____ are types of granulocytic leukocytes that mediate immediate allergies by releasing histamine.
Basophils
Which component of the intestinal contents can be destructive to microbes?
Bile
________ is the process by which all blood cells are formed in bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
Peptides produced by cells and tissues that damage cell membranes and lyse bacteria and fungi are ____.
Defensins
________ is the shedding of the outermost layer of epithelial cells.
Desquamation
True or false: Immunology only involves the body's response to infectious microbial agents.
False Reason: Cancer and allergy are part of this diverse field
Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense? Multiple choice question. Physical barriers Antibody production Genetic differences Chemical barriers
Antibody production
White blood cells carry a variety of ___ ____ ____ that allow them to detect foreign substances.
Pattern recognition receptors
The resident biota can act as a first line defense by: Multiple select question. - Blocking access of pathogens - Competing for nutrients - Secreting lysozyme and lactoferrin - Forming an anatomical barrier
- Blocking access of pathogens - Competing for nutrients
Which are main responsibilities of the immune system? Multiple select question. - Recognition of antigens - Transporting oxygen to tissues - Destruction of pathogens - Surveillance for foreign material - Digestion of food and nutrients
- Surveillance for foreign material - Recognition of antigens - Destruction of pathogens
It is critical for the immune system to differentiate between ____ and ____.
- self - nonself or non-self
Which type(s) of cells normally trigger an immune response?
Non-self
Which contains clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes?
Plasma
Which line(s) of defense is/are part of immunology?
Second Third
In the respiratory tract, ____ on the epithelium convey trapped foreign particles entrapped in mucus towards the pharynx for removal.
cilia
Coughing and sneezing are ________ line defenses that expel air from the respiratory tract.
first
The ____ line of defense includes barriers that block invasion through a portal of entry.
first
The two groups in which leukocytes are divided are
granulocytic. agranulocytic.
The flow of which of the following carry microbes away from the respiratory tract?
mucus
In addition to phagocytosis and initiation of inflammation, white blood cells have the capacity to discover foreign substances using surface receptors known as _________.
pattern recognition receptors
TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that are found on the surface of _____.
phagocytes
Toll-like receptors are found within the cell membrane of ____
phagocytes
The main role of neutrophils is ___
phagocytosis
____ is the fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors; and in which blood cells are normally suspended.
plasma
The clear fluid that remains after clotting proteins are removed from blood is called ________.
serum
The ____ is a host barrier that has an acidic pH and secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds.
skin or epidermis
The main important role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in immune function is:
the provision of a passageway within and between tissues
The protein receptors found on phagocytes that recognize molecules on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response are called ____
toll-like receptors
The flow of ________ flushes the urethra.
urine
Lactobacilli maintain a protective pH in the _____.
vagina
The main fluid in plasma is ______.
water