Chapter 14 - Autonomic Nervous System

explain the concept of dual innervation

It means that visceral effectors that are innervated by postganglionic axons from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. These actions can be antagonistic or cooperative

What is the main part of the brain that controls the autonomic nervous system?

The hypothalamus

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

why does the parasympathetic nervous system work at a much slower rate ?

because acetylcholine is released at a much slower rate (both are released by postganglionic neurons).

orthostatic hypotension

becoming dizzy when standing up rapidly from lying down due to less response of sympathetic control of blood pressure and flow to the brain)

hypertension

caused by continual stress and an overactive sympathetic nervous system

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be _________ when released into the bloodstream, but _________ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

autonomic nervous systems

is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

cholinergic receptor

is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.

somatic nervous sytem

is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves.

postganglionic neurons

lies outside the central nervous system in collections of nerve cells called autonomic ganglia. tend to lie close to or within the organs or tissues that their neurons innervate,

adrenergic receptor

mediate the diverse effects of the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine and epinephrine, at virtually all sites throughout the body.

What is the main part of the brain that directly controls heart rate, blood pressure and respiration?

medulla oblongata

preganglionic neurons

originates in the brainstem or the spinal cord, secrete acetylcholine