Chapter 14 BIOL 2401
About _________ of sympathetic postganglionic axons join the spinal nerve (inferior cervical, inferior lumbar & sacral chain ganglia)
8%
A synapse that uses ACh as its main neurotransmitter is referred to as ________________
Cholinergic
The preganglionic fibers from distinct pelvic nerves innervate intramural ganglia in the walls of the:
Kidney, urinary bladder, terminal portions of the large intestine, & sex organs
Amnesia
Loss of memory as a result of disease or trauma. Most likely affecting the amygdala in the limbic system
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers can be found in the following cranial nerves leaving the brain:
- III (oculomotor) -VII (facial) -IX (glossopharyngeal) -X (vagus)
Parasympathetic blocking agents (parasympatolytic) useful in treating:
-(target) the muscarinic receptors at neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions -diarrhea & cramps associated with various forms of food poisoning
Beta receptors (location)
-Beta 1: heart, kidney -Beta 2: smooth muscle along respiratory tract, GI tract smooth muscle, detrusor muscle of bladder -Beta 3: adipose tissue
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
-active dreaming occurs -become less receptive to outside stimuli, muscle tone decreases markedly -neurons controlling eye muscles escape inhibitory influence -period of deep sleep that lasts about 1 1/2 hrs -rapid eye movement initially averages 5 mins in length, but gradually increase to about 20 mins over an 8 hr night -each night we spend less than 2 hrs dreaming
2 classes of sympathetic receptors
-alpha receptors -beta receptors
Sympathomimetic drugs (uses)
-applied topically to reduce hemorrhaging -by spray to reduce nasal congestion -by inhalation to dilate respiratory passageways (bronchioles) -in drops to dilate the pupils
Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch:
-constriction of pupils -increase secretion by digestive glands -decrease breakdown of Glycogen -constriction of respiratory passageways -reduction in heart rate
ANS (autonomic nervous system)
-controls visceral effectors, in charge of the process that maintains body homeostasis -coordinates cardiovascular, resp., digestive, urinary, & reproductive functions -adjusts internal water, electrolyte, nutrient & dissolved gas conc.
parasympathetic division (general pattern)
-decreased metabolic rate -decreased heart rate & blood pressure -increased secretion by salivary & digestive glands -increased motility & blood flow in the digestive tract -stimulation of urination & defecation
sympathetic division (general pattern)
-heightened mental alertness -increased metabolic rate -reduced digestive & urinary functions -activation of energy reserves -increased respirarory rate & dilation of respiratory passageways (bronchodilation) -increases heart rate & blood pressure -activation of sweat glands
parasympathetic division (effects)
-known for 3 Rs: rest, repose, & relaxation -food processing, energy absorption
The vagus nerve alone provides roughly _____ of all parasympathetic outflow.
75%
Postsynaptic membranes have two kinds of receptors:
-muscarinic receptors (activated by ACh) -nicotinic receptors mechanism (these receptors bind ACh, ultimately opening sodium channels when stimulated)
Common age-related changes in the nervous system include the following:
-reduction in brain size & weight -reduction in # of neurons -decrease in blood flow to the brain -change in synaptic organization of the brain
The following ganglia contains parasympathetic synapses with the above cranial nerves:
-sphenopalatine ganglia with VII (F) -ciliary ganglia with III (oculo) -submandibular ganglia with VII (F) -otic ganglia with IX (G)
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
-sympathetic: causes excitation, "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency -parasympathetic: causes inhibition, predominates under resting conditions
Name the enzyme in charge of breaking adrenergic neurotransmitters
...
Name the enzyme in charge of breaking cholinergic neurotransmitters
...
2 components of the limbic system that are essential for memory consolidation
1)amygdaloid body 2)hippocampus
Collateral Ganglia (3)
1)celiac ganglion: postganglionic fibers from this gangluon innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & spleen 2)superior mesenteric ganglion: postganglionic fibers leaving the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate the small intestine & the initial segments of the large intestine 3)inferior mesenteric ganglion: postganglionic fibers from this ganglion provide sympathetic innervation to the terminal portions of the rectum, the kidney & urinary bladder, & the sex organs
Long-term memory (2 types)
1)secondary memories: long-term memories that fade with time & may require considerable effort to recall 2)tertiary memories: long-term memories that seem to be part of consciousness, such as your name or the contours of your own body
Sympathetic ganglionic neurons
1)sympathetic chain ganglia: paravertebral ganglia or lateral ganglia lie on both sides of vertebral column 2)collateral ganglia: pre-vertebral ganglia 3)adrenal medullae
Cholinergic synapses release the following neurotransmitter ______
ACh
A synapse that uses NE as it's main neurotransmitter is referred to as ____________
Adrenergic
Sympathetic blocking agents (Sympatolytic)
Alpha-blockers: eliminate the peripheral vasoconstriction (a reduction of the diameter of blood vessels)
Both plaques & tangles contain deposits of several peptides, primarily two forms of amyloid protein, appear in hippocampus, specifically associated with memory processing. What is the clinical correlation?
Alzheimer's
Pre-ganglionic neuron body
Autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies within the CNS, efferent fibers terminate in the autonomic ganglia; fibers are short
Visceral reflexes
Defecation, vomiting, pupillary, ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli, cardio-accelatory & inhibitory, etc. Most are coordinated by the medulla
Beta-blockers
Effective & clinically useful for treating chronic high blood pressure & other forms of cardiovascular disease
Sympathetic activation
In a crisis, this event is controlled by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus (their headquaters)
Example of how brainstem deal with visceral functioning:
Increase your heart rate when you see person that you dislike. Contains major ANS reflex centers
CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
Ischemic type: occurs when a blood supply to a portion of the brain has been cut off Ex: by an infarction (embolus blocking a vessel)
Adrenergic synapse releases the following neurotransmitter ____________________
NE (norepinephrine)
Post-ganglionic neuron body
Neurons whose cell bodies lie in the automonic ganglia & whose purpose is relay impulses beyond the ganglia; fibers are long
The only reflex not coordinated by the medulla
Pupillary
The conscious state of here & now, depends upon the proper functioning of the _________ _____________ _______________ _______________
RAS (Reticular Activating System) (Proper functioning is integral for complex interactions between your brain stem & cerebral cortex)
Dual innervation
Refers to an organ receiving both parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves
Too much dopamine is linked to _____________________
Schizophrenia
There are 3 sympathetic collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity. _______________ ____________ carry preganglionic axons that synapse these 3 collateral ganglia
Splanchnic nerves
Plexus
Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems intermingle to form the following ___________
memory consolidation
The conversion from short term memory to a long term memory
Coma
The individual is in a state of unconscious & cannot be aroused, even by strong stimuli (you are considered to be asleep when you are in a state of unconsciousness but can still be aroused by normal sensory stimuli)
Adrenal medullae (w/i adrenal gland)
The neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medullae secrete the neurotransmitters: -Epinephrine (E) (adrenaline) -Norepinephrine (NE)
parasympathomimetic drugs
Used to increase the activity along the digestive tract & to encourage defecation & urination
"Fight or Flight" (w/i sympathetic system)
When fully activated, this division produces what is known as "fight or flight," which readies the body for a crisis that may require sudden, intense physical activity (stress)
Alpha-1 (function)
When these receptors are stimulated by norepinephrine will release intracellular calcium ions from reserves in the endoplasmic reticulum. This is via G protein-couple receptor, increasing the IP3 & calcium
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers bound for the heart & the lungs pass through the ___________ plexus
cardiac
Too little serotonin or norepinephrine can cause ______________
depression
The simplest reflexes are mediated at the level of the ___________ ______
spinal cord