Chapter 14 BIOL 2401

About _________ of sympathetic postganglionic axons join the spinal nerve (inferior cervical, inferior lumbar & sacral chain ganglia)

8%

A synapse that uses ACh as its main neurotransmitter is referred to as ________________

Cholinergic

The preganglionic fibers from distinct pelvic nerves innervate intramural ganglia in the walls of the:

Kidney, urinary bladder, terminal portions of the large intestine, & sex organs

Amnesia

Loss of memory as a result of disease or trauma. Most likely affecting the amygdala in the limbic system

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers can be found in the following cranial nerves leaving the brain:

- III (oculomotor) -VII (facial) -IX (glossopharyngeal) -X (vagus)

Parasympathetic blocking agents (parasympatolytic) useful in treating:

-(target) the muscarinic receptors at neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions -diarrhea & cramps associated with various forms of food poisoning

Beta receptors (location)

-Beta 1: heart, kidney -Beta 2: smooth muscle along respiratory tract, GI tract smooth muscle, detrusor muscle of bladder -Beta 3: adipose tissue

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

-active dreaming occurs -become less receptive to outside stimuli, muscle tone decreases markedly -neurons controlling eye muscles escape inhibitory influence -period of deep sleep that lasts about 1 1/2 hrs -rapid eye movement initially averages 5 mins in length, but gradually increase to about 20 mins over an 8 hr night -each night we spend less than 2 hrs dreaming

2 classes of sympathetic receptors

-alpha receptors -beta receptors

Sympathomimetic drugs (uses)

-applied topically to reduce hemorrhaging -by spray to reduce nasal congestion -by inhalation to dilate respiratory passageways (bronchioles) -in drops to dilate the pupils

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch:

-constriction of pupils -increase secretion by digestive glands -decrease breakdown of Glycogen -constriction of respiratory passageways -reduction in heart rate

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

-controls visceral effectors, in charge of the process that maintains body homeostasis -coordinates cardiovascular, resp., digestive, urinary, & reproductive functions -adjusts internal water, electrolyte, nutrient & dissolved gas conc.

parasympathetic division (general pattern)

-decreased metabolic rate -decreased heart rate & blood pressure -increased secretion by salivary & digestive glands -increased motility & blood flow in the digestive tract -stimulation of urination & defecation

sympathetic division (general pattern)

-heightened mental alertness -increased metabolic rate -reduced digestive & urinary functions -activation of energy reserves -increased respirarory rate & dilation of respiratory passageways (bronchodilation) -increases heart rate & blood pressure -activation of sweat glands

parasympathetic division (effects)

-known for 3 Rs: rest, repose, & relaxation -food processing, energy absorption

The vagus nerve alone provides roughly _____ of all parasympathetic outflow.

75%

Postsynaptic membranes have two kinds of receptors:

-muscarinic receptors (activated by ACh) -nicotinic receptors mechanism (these receptors bind ACh, ultimately opening sodium channels when stimulated)

Common age-related changes in the nervous system include the following:

-reduction in brain size & weight -reduction in # of neurons -decrease in blood flow to the brain -change in synaptic organization of the brain

The following ganglia contains parasympathetic synapses with the above cranial nerves:

-sphenopalatine ganglia with VII (F) -ciliary ganglia with III (oculo) -submandibular ganglia with VII (F) -otic ganglia with IX (G)

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

-sympathetic: causes excitation, "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency -parasympathetic: causes inhibition, predominates under resting conditions

Name the enzyme in charge of breaking adrenergic neurotransmitters

...

Name the enzyme in charge of breaking cholinergic neurotransmitters

...

2 components of the limbic system that are essential for memory consolidation

1)amygdaloid body 2)hippocampus

Collateral Ganglia (3)

1)celiac ganglion: postganglionic fibers from this gangluon innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & spleen 2)superior mesenteric ganglion: postganglionic fibers leaving the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate the small intestine & the initial segments of the large intestine 3)inferior mesenteric ganglion: postganglionic fibers from this ganglion provide sympathetic innervation to the terminal portions of the rectum, the kidney & urinary bladder, & the sex organs

Long-term memory (2 types)

1)secondary memories: long-term memories that fade with time & may require considerable effort to recall 2)tertiary memories: long-term memories that seem to be part of consciousness, such as your name or the contours of your own body

Sympathetic ganglionic neurons

1)sympathetic chain ganglia: paravertebral ganglia or lateral ganglia lie on both sides of vertebral column 2)collateral ganglia: pre-vertebral ganglia 3)adrenal medullae

Cholinergic synapses release the following neurotransmitter ______

ACh

A synapse that uses NE as it's main neurotransmitter is referred to as ____________

Adrenergic

Sympathetic blocking agents (Sympatolytic)

Alpha-blockers: eliminate the peripheral vasoconstriction (a reduction of the diameter of blood vessels)

Both plaques & tangles contain deposits of several peptides, primarily two forms of amyloid protein, appear in hippocampus, specifically associated with memory processing. What is the clinical correlation?

Alzheimer's

Pre-ganglionic neuron body

Autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies within the CNS, efferent fibers terminate in the autonomic ganglia; fibers are short

Visceral reflexes

Defecation, vomiting, pupillary, ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli, cardio-accelatory & inhibitory, etc. Most are coordinated by the medulla

Beta-blockers

Effective & clinically useful for treating chronic high blood pressure & other forms of cardiovascular disease

Sympathetic activation

In a crisis, this event is controlled by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus (their headquaters)

Example of how brainstem deal with visceral functioning:

Increase your heart rate when you see person that you dislike. Contains major ANS reflex centers

CVA (cerebrovascular accident)

Ischemic type: occurs when a blood supply to a portion of the brain has been cut off Ex: by an infarction (embolus blocking a vessel)

Adrenergic synapse releases the following neurotransmitter ____________________

NE (norepinephrine)

Post-ganglionic neuron body

Neurons whose cell bodies lie in the automonic ganglia & whose purpose is relay impulses beyond the ganglia; fibers are long

The only reflex not coordinated by the medulla

Pupillary

The conscious state of here & now, depends upon the proper functioning of the _________ _____________ _______________ _______________

RAS (Reticular Activating System) (Proper functioning is integral for complex interactions between your brain stem & cerebral cortex)

Dual innervation

Refers to an organ receiving both parasympathetic & sympathetic nerves

Too much dopamine is linked to _____________________

Schizophrenia

There are 3 sympathetic collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity. _______________ ____________ carry preganglionic axons that synapse these 3 collateral ganglia

Splanchnic nerves

Plexus

Sympathetic & parasympathetic systems intermingle to form the following ___________

memory consolidation

The conversion from short term memory to a long term memory

Coma

The individual is in a state of unconscious & cannot be aroused, even by strong stimuli (you are considered to be asleep when you are in a state of unconsciousness but can still be aroused by normal sensory stimuli)

Adrenal medullae (w/i adrenal gland)

The neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medullae secrete the neurotransmitters: -Epinephrine (E) (adrenaline) -Norepinephrine (NE)

parasympathomimetic drugs

Used to increase the activity along the digestive tract & to encourage defecation & urination

"Fight or Flight" (w/i sympathetic system)

When fully activated, this division produces what is known as "fight or flight," which readies the body for a crisis that may require sudden, intense physical activity (stress)

Alpha-1 (function)

When these receptors are stimulated by norepinephrine will release intracellular calcium ions from reserves in the endoplasmic reticulum. This is via G protein-couple receptor, increasing the IP3 & calcium

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers bound for the heart & the lungs pass through the ___________ plexus

cardiac

Too little serotonin or norepinephrine can cause ______________

depression

The simplest reflexes are mediated at the level of the ___________ ______

spinal cord