Chapter 14: Classical Art: Greece & Rome
Kourus
freestanding figures - statues of young men.
Stoicism
The philosophy that the universe is governed by natural laws and that people should follow virtue, as determined, by reason, and remain indifferent to passion or emotion.
black
The reducing phase in vase painting creates the ______ figures.
Idealism
The representation of forms according to a concept of perfection.
oculus
The sole source of light in the Pantheon is its ___________.
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
The three styles, or orders, in Greek architecture were:
architecture
The use of the coffer in _________ helps lighten-both visually and structurally.
sculpture
The weight-shift principle in _______ creates a diagonal balance across the body.
hellenistic
Theatrically in sculpture is a characteristic of the ________ period.
Etruscans
Tombs look like their homes
Humanism
A system of belief in which human-kind is viewed as the standard by which all things are measured.
Black-figure painting
A three-stage firing process that gives vases black figures on a reddish ground.
Cinerary urn
A vessel used for keeping the ashes of the cremated dead.
vase painting
A volute krater is usually divided to help depict scenes in ____________.
equestrian
An __________ portrait shows the person on horseback.
Forum
An open public space, particularly in ancient Rome, used as a market and a gathering place.
Hellenistic Period
Art is characterized by excessive, almost theatrical emotion. HIGH Drama!!
Triglyph
a panel incised with vertical grooves that serve to divide in a Doric frieze.
Rationalism
a philosophy in which knowledge is assumed to come from reason alone.
Pediment
any triangular shape surrounded by cornices, especially one that surmounts the entablature of the portico facade of Greek temple.
Alexander the Great
Greek art entered the Hellenistic period under the reign of ______________.
Humanism
Greek men considered themselves to be the center of the universe and the "the measure of all things"
Praxiteles
He used the double weight shift principle in his sculpture.
late classical
Hermes and Dionysos by Praxiteles is an undisputed work of the ________ era.
Mural
Images painted directly on a wall or intended to cover a wall completely.
Peplos
In Greek Classical Art, a heavy woolen wrap.
Architrave
In architecture, the lower part of an entablature, which may consist of one or more horizontal bands.
Slip
In ceramics, clay that is thinned to the consistency of cream for use in casting, decorating, or cementing.
Archaic Period
- 600 to 480 BCE - Change from Geometric period was gradual. - Influenced by art of Eastern countries. - Flowing forms and fantastic animals with emphasis on human figure.
Early Classical Art
- Balance between emotion and intellect. The change from Archaic to Classical art was during the "Golden Age".
Ionic Order
- Capital is a scroll or volute similar to those seen on the Francois vase. - Scroll like
Sculpture - Early classical period
- Developed implied movement. ex: Discobolus (Discus Thrower) by Myron.
Classical Art
- During this time Greece embarked upon a period of peace and turned its attention to rebuilding its monuments and advancing art, drama and music under the attention of the dynamic statesman PERICLES.
Doric Order
- Earliest, simplest and most commonly used - The capital is simple and cushion like. ORIGINATED IN ARCHAIC PERIOD.
Most important concerns of the ancient Greeks were:
- Man - Reason - Nature
Corinthian Order
- Most intricate of the three - Capitals were the most elaborate, consisting of overlapping acanthus leaves carved all around. DEVELOPED BY THE GREEKS
Sculpture - Archaic Period
- emerged as a principle art form during the Archaic period. - EXAMPLE: KOURUS AND KORE
Phidian style
- lightness of touch - attention to realistic detail - contrast of texture - fluidity and spontaneity of movement
Geometric period
- spanned approximately two centures - 900 to 700 BCE - called "geometric" because during this time, geometric patterns predominated in art. - When present, the human for was reduced to geometric forms of circles and triangles.
3 styles or orders in Greek architecture
1. Doric 2. Ionic 3. Corinthian
2 parties the Roman system of government was based on
1. Patricians 2. Plebian
3-stage firing process for black-figure painting technique
1. oxidizing phase 2. reducing phase 3. re-oxidizing phase
aqueduct
A Roman engineering device used to carry water over long distances was called a(n) ___________.
Aqueducts
A bridgelike structure that carries a canal or pipe of water across a river or valley.
Sarcophagus
A coffin or tomb, especially one made of limestone.
Stylobate
A continuous base or platform that supports a row of columns .
Stylobate
A continuous base supporting a row of columns in classical Greek architecture.
Coffer
A decorative sunken panel
Atrium
A hall or entrance court
Patrician
A member of the noble class in ancient Rome
Herringbone perspective
A portrayal of space in which orthogonals vanish to a specific point along a vertical line that divides a canvas.
Megaron
A rectangular room with a two-columned porch.
Amphitheater
A round or oval open-air theater with an arena surrounded by rising tiers of seats.
Oculus
A round window, particularly one placed at the apex of a dome.
Monolith
A single, large block of stone; in sculpture, monolithic refers to a work that retains much of the shape of the original block of stone.
Entasis
A slight convex curvature of a column used to provide the illusion of continuity of thickness as the column rises.
Architectural style
A style of Roman painting in which walls were given the illusion of opening onto a scene.
idealism
But their quest for beauty and perfection also allowed them to develop forms according to accepted ideals, and _________ became the standard in their art.
Cella
Central room surround by a single or double row of columns.
Orthogonal
Composed of right angles.
Architecture - Archaic Period
During Archaic period, an architectural format was developed that provided the basis for temple architecture throughout the history of Ancient Greece.
idealism
During the Empire period of Roman history, the pure realism of Republican portrait busts was modified toward something akin to Greek.
Architecture - Classical period
Ex: Parthenon ( New temple to Athena) became one of the most influential buildings in the history of architecture, under direction of Pericles. - DORIC ORDER COLUMNS.
Francois Vase
Example of Vase Painting (GREEK) - a volute krater is a fine example of black-figure painting technique.
Pont du Gard
Example of an Aqueduct in Southern France
Kore
Female statues. - made with more clothing covering female counterparts.
Lysippus
Following Praxiteles - introduced more slender and taller figures. - the whole of the work cannot be viewed from a single position.
Republican Period
From the time of the final victories over the Etruscans until the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. - Not a true democracy.
Vase Painting - Archaic Period
GREEK Floral motifs became the preferred subject.
early classical
Myron's Discobolus (Discus Thrower) was on of the most widely copied works of the ________ period.
reason and intellect
Polykleitos statues are based on: ex: Doryphoros
classical
Polykleitos's canon of proportions was developed in the ________ period.
Realism
Portrait sculpture is wholly Italian.
basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
ROMAN
Equestrian Portrait
ROMAN - lively bodies - facial expressions adhering to stoic philosophy -classical poses
Coliseum
ROMAN - masonry supported by metal dowels --dowels were removed when metal became scarce -- now only held up by gravity
Pantheon
ROMAN - Concrete dome
Frescoes and mosaics
Roman houses were decorated with ________________
Double weight shift principle
S curve - weight from both limbs on one side of body is transferred
sculpture
S curve results from double weight shift and enhances a naturalistic effect in _________.
Phidias
Sculptor who was commissioned by Pericles to oversee the entire sculptural program of the Parthenon.
Polykleitos
Some free-standing statues of this period were created by the rival artist of Phidias which was ___________.
architecture
Stylobate is used in _________ as a support or base.
metopes
The Doric frieze is divided vertically into compartments called ____________.
severe
The Early Classical style of Greek art is sometimes called the ________ style.
archaic
The Francois Vase is from the ______ period.
Athena
The Greek goddess of wisdom, skills, and war.
realism
The Greeks love of nature and their belief that human beings were a reflection of its perfect order was incorporated into their art as ___________.
body ; intellect
The Greeks sought a balance between elements: mind and ________, emotion and _________.
naturalistic
The Late Classical period of Greek art brought a more humanistic and _________ style.
classical
The Parthenon in Athens is an example of the _______ style or architecture.
Athena
The Parthenon was dedicated to the goddess __________.
Empire period
The Roman period from about 27 BCE to 395 CE, when the empire was divided.
Republican period
The Roman period lasting from the victories over the Etruscans to the death of Julius Caesar.
archaic
The _______ Peplos Kore is one of the most enchanting images in Greek art.
Late Classical Art
The _____________ period brought more humanistic and naturalistic style, with emphasis on expression and emotion.
Rationalism
The belief that ethical conduct is determined by reason; in philosophy, the theory that knowledge is derived from the intellect, without the aid of the senses.
Enthasis
The columns are not exactly vertical but slope inward, and the shafts themselves swell outward from the base and narrow again before reaching the capital, called ________.
Hellenism
The culture, thought, and ethical system of ancient Greece.
Acropolis
The fortified upper part of a Greek City; literally, "city on a hill."
domestic dwellings
The interiors of Etruscan tombs were constructed to resemble __________.
Plebian
_______ class, common folk, who were permitted to elect their patrician representatives.
Hellenistic
________ art is characterized by excessive, almost theatrical emotion.
Lysippos
__________ was court sculptor to Alexander the Great
Propylaeum
a gateway building leading to an open court in front of a Greek or Roman temple; specifically, such a building on the Acropolis.
Frieze
a horizontal band between the architrave and the cornice that is often decorated with sculpture.
Entablature
a horizontal structure supported by columns, which, in turn, supports any other element, such as a pediment, that is placed above; from top to bottom, the entablature consists of a cornice, a frieze, and an architrave.
Basilica
a large oblong hall or building
Patricians
aristocratic class who ruled
Geometric
birth of Greek culture
Archaic
maturation
Classical
perfection
Weight shift principle
tension and relaxation of limbs are balanced across the body.
Plebeian class
the common people
Metope
the panels containing relief sculpture that appear between the triglyphs of the Doric frieze.
capital
top of column
Volute krater
wide mouthed vessel with scroll handles