Chapter 14

Physical attraction is particularly important

at the beginning of a relationship.

the tendency to respond positively or negatively to a particular object

attitude

Sarah lends her video camera to her friend John. John promises Sarah that he will return the camera within a week but fails to do so. Sarah assumes that John is selfish and likely to never return the camera to her. While making the assumption, Sarah most likely engaged in the process known as _____.

attribution

lead to prejudice and social discrimination

stereotypes

Changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure is known as _____.

obedience

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory, romantic love is marked by:

a lack of substantial commitment to the other person.

Which theory states that attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tension caused by inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors?

Cognitive dissonance theory

Who among the following is most likely displaying altruism?

Darryl, who is helping a visually challenged person cross a road

Which of the following may promote a situation where an individual loses a sense of self and may promote behavior that turns violent and destructive?

Deindividuation

a psychological state in which people temporarily lose their individuality, their normal inhibitions are relaxed, and they may perform aggressive or illegal acts that they would not do otherwise

Deindividuation

Which of the theories of prosocial behavior believes that the biological relationship is the most important factor in whether someone will help?

Evolutionary theory

Karen just found out that Dan got a promotion over her. Which of the following views would Karen express if she were using the self-serving bias?

Her boss is sexist and chose a male.

Which of the following best defines self-esteem?

How one judges their worth as a human being

Which one of the following involves holding negative stereotypes about minority groups but not being aware that the stereotypes are being held?

Implicit prejudice

Which one the following best describes the bystander effect?

It is a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the influence of culture on self-concept?

Many aspects of culture help to shape one's self-concept.

David meets Laura on a blind date. David notices that Laura is approximately of the same height as he is and has the same eye color as his. He finds himself physically attracted to her and wishes to go on more dates with her. In the context of interpersonal attraction, which one of the following does this scenario best illustrate?

Matching hypothesis

Which one of the following refers to the belief that no matter how much one is getting in terms of recognition, status, money, and other rewards, it is less than what one deserves?

Relative deprivation

Prejudice is best defined as

a positive or negative attitude about a certain group of people.

Which one of the following theories states that human beings establish and maintain high self-esteem as a self-protective psychological strategy against anxiety?

Terror management theory

Which of the following structures in the brain is involved in emotions such as threat and fear?

The amygdala

What was the conclusion regarding the behavior of the learner in influencing obedience of the participant in the Milgram studies?

The learner saying they wanted to stop the study got the participant to disobey the experimenter.

The process through which individuals and groups directly and indirectly determine our thoughts, feelings, and behavior is known as _____.

social influence

an act intended to harm another person

aggressive behavior (aggression)

people help in order to reduce the unpleasant arousal they experience when others are in distress

arousal: cost-reward theory

the process of explaining the causes of people's behavior, including our own.

attribution

Helping is most likely to occur when the need for help is clear and when diffusion of responsibility is not created by the presence of other people

bystander effect

In the context of creating compliance, the foot-in-the-door technique is based on the idea that:

people are generally far more likely to fulfill requests that do not cost much in money, time, or inconvenience.

holds that if inconsistency between attitude and behavior creates discomfort related to a person's self-concept, the attitude may change in order to reduce the conflict

cognitive dissonance theory

When the change is the result of a request

compliance

When behavior or beliefs change as the result of unspoken or implicit group pressure

conformity

proposes that intergroup contact can reduce prejudice and lead to more favorable attitudes toward the stereotyped group, but only if the contact occurs under specific conditions, such as equal status between groups

contact hypothesis

Research on the contact hypothesis suggests that

cooperation and reliance on one another are needed to effectively reduce prejudice.

Upward social comparisons can

create optimism.

By enhancing one's most likely behavior in a situation, the presence of others sometimes creates ______________ and sometimes social interference

social facilitation

The phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a person's performance is known as _____.

social facilitation

The Milgram study had what effect on the "teacher"?

discomfort and stress

suggests that attitude change can occur through either the peripheral or the central route, depending on a person's ability to carefully consider an argument and the motivation to do so

elaboration likelihood method

suggests that helping can be truly unselfish if the helper feels empathy for the person in need

empathy-altruism helping theory

suggests that factors such as high temperature and crowding increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior, particularly among people who are already angry

environmental psychology

Natalya is trying to find a nice place to move in which "neighborly love" is the way of life. She wants to feel like those in her community will be there to help if needed. Which of the following factors is probably most important to consider?

environmental stressors

In the context of theories of prejudice and stereotyping, motivational theories:

explain prejudice through the concept of social identity.

Which of the following terms is best defined as improved performance in the presence of other people?

social facilitation

formed from beliefs about the groups to which the person belongs

social identity

suggests that frustration can lead to aggression, particularly in the presence of cues that invite or promote aggression

frustration-aggression hypothesis

most common attributional biases

fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer effect, and the self-serving bias

people tend to choose others whose physical attractiveness is about the same as theirs

matching hypothesis

Carl is a 10-year-old boy who is highly aggressive. His mother takes him to a psychologist, who asks about their living conditions. Which of the living conditions is the psychologist most likely interested in?

number of people in home

involves complying with an explicit demand from an authority figure

obedience

The notion of matching hypothesis states that people are most likely to form committed relationships with those who are similar to themselves in _____.

physical attractiveness

Arousal theory of aggression suggests that

physiological arousal can intensify reactions to threats.

helping behavior

prosocial behavior

Categories of people that are regularly used for social comparison

reference groups

Dan supervises a team of 20 employees. He focuses on team member ideas and allows them to monitor their own work performance. What type of leadership style best describes Dan's approach?

relationship oriented

provide loose supervision, ask for group members' ideas, and are generally concerned with subordinates' feelings

relationship-oriented leaders

Check My Work Which of the following is best defined as generalizations of groups of individuals, events, locations, and objects?

schemas

the knowledge about people and social situations that we carry into social interactions, affect what we pay attention to, what we remember, and how we judge people and events

schemas

People's social and cultural environments affect their thoughts and feelings about themselves

self concept | self esteem

leading us to act in ways that bring out behavior in others that is consistent with our expectations of them

self-fulfilling prophecies

the mental processes through which people perceive and react to others

social cognition

When people have no objective criteria by which to judge themselves, they look to others as the basis for

social comparison

The phenomenon in which people exert less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone is known as _____.

social loafing

When people work in groups, they often exert less effort than when alone

social loafing

focuses on the influence of social processes on biological processes and on the influence of biological processes on social psychological phenomena

social neuroscience

establish the rules for what should and should not be done in a particular situation

social norms

concerns the processes by which people interpret information about others, form impressions of them, and draw conclusions about the reasons for their behavior

social perception

the study of how people influence and are influenced by other people

social psychology

the low-ball technique entails

starting with a low offer and then by some error needing to increase the amount.

provide close supervision, lead by giving orders, and generally discourage group discussion

task- oriented leaders

Rees develops two new friendships at summer camp. Which of the following factors may influence which of the friends Rees becomes closest to?

the one that also attends the same school

According to the arousal: cost-reward theory, people likely engage in prosocial behavior because:

they are motivated to reduce the unpleasant arousal associated with distressed victims.

Those with an authoritarian orientation tend to view the world as

threatening