Chapter 14: Vaccines HW

Adjuvants appear to work by -ystimulating cytokine release. -stimulating isotype-switching in B cells. -encouraging the uptake and processing of antigens by dendritic cells -.stimulating cytokine release and encouraging the uptake and processing of antigens by dendritic cells -.stimulating isotype-switching in B cells and cytokine release.

-.stimulating cytokine release and encouraging the uptake and processing of antigens by dendritic cells

What is the primary benefit of vaccination? -Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease. -An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen. -Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen. -Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body.

-An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? -Inactivated killed vaccine -Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccineT -oxoid vaccine -Attenuated live vaccine

-Attenuated live vaccine

What is the function of boosters? -Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines. -Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen. -Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines. -Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

-Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? -Memory B cells -Memory cytotoxic T cells -Bacterial pathogens -Helper T cells

-Memory cytotoxic T cells

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? -Inactivated killed vaccine -DNA vaccine -Toxoid vaccine -Subunit vaccine

-Subunit vaccine

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine? -They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus. -They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell. -These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

-These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

What does a vaccine contain? -B cells against a pathogen -T cells against a pathogen -Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen -Live active pathogens

-Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

A major factor in the re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases in the early 21st century has been -microbes can develop resistance to vaccines just as they to do antibiotics. -a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to breast cancer was published in the late 1990s. -concerns about animal rights have led people to avoid pharmaceuticals and other products that might have been tested on animals. -fears of biological weapons after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks turned public sentiment against vaccines. -a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to autism was published in the late 1990s.

-a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to autism was published in the late 1990s.

A DNA vaccine involves placing genes into a plasmid and introducing the plasmid into human cells. Human cells then transcribe and translate the genes to produce antigen which immunize the recipient. What is the source of the genes being introduced? -human B or T cells -a laboratory animal (such as a mouse) -a pathogen -a harmless virus -a member of the patient's microbiome

-a pathogen

A vaccine additive which enhances the body's natural immune response is called a(n) -booster. -recombinant. -attenuant. -adjuvant. -toxoid.

-adjuvant.

In a recombinant vector vaccine, genetic material from a pathogen is placed into a ________ and introduced to human cells. -human B or T cell -plasmid vector -human dendritic cell -pathogenic virus or bacteria -harmless virus or bacteria

-harmless virus or bacteria

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n) -DNA vaccine. -toxoid vaccine. -inactivated killed vaccine. -conjugated vaccine.

-inactivated killed vaccine.

he aspect of the immune response that vaccines are based on is -stimulation of cellular, as opposed to humoral, immunity. -stimulation of phagocytosis. -inflammation and fever. -production of memory cells and high antibody titers from pathogen exposure. -protection of the normal microbiota.

-production of memory cells and high antibody titers from pathogen exposure

Herd immunity describes -the social phenomenon of vaccine refusal reinforced by internet memes and social media -the process of immunizing animals so that people do not acquire zoonotic diseases -.the temporary immunity an infant receives from its mother during gestation and from breastfeeding. -the protection conferred to non-immunized people when a sizable portion of the rest of the population is immunized. -the process of spacing out vaccinations in infants to just one per doctor's visit.

-the protection conferred to non-immunized people when a sizable portion of the rest of the population is immunized.

Conjugate vaccines which link the target antigen to a more immunogenic antigen are usually for -vaccines against viral nucleic acid. -vaccines against Gram-negative endotoxin. -vaccines against bacterial polysaccharide antigens. -vaccines against bacterial exotoxins. -vaccines against viral envelopes.

-vaccines against bacterial polysaccharide antigens.

A drawback of all inactivated vaccines is that -they may cause secondary transmission from the immunized person to another host -.they may mutate to a more virulent form.they require complex genetic engineering techniques to produce. -they are likely to cause disease in immunocompromised hosts.t -they are quickly cleared from the body, limiting antigen exposure..

they are quickly cleared from the body, limiting antigen exposure.

Live attenuated vaccines -stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen. -are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature. -are closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and require the use of an adjuvant. -are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen. -require the use of an adjuvant.

are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen.