Chapter 14/15 review

How many people worldwide do NOT have access to safe drinking water?

1.1 billion

the WHO estimates that approximately 1.1 billion people worldwide do not have access to sufficient safe-water supplies. This number represents about ___ of the world population.

1/6

what chemicals cause ozone loss?

CFC's

Describe the three ways surface oil be cleaned up. Include a pro and con for each method

Contain the oil within an area and then suck it off the surface of the water; a lot of work; Apply chamicals that help break up th oil; the chemicals can be toxic to marine life; use genetically engineered bacteria; not efficient

What is a possible end result for sludge from sewage treatment plants?

Deposited in a landfill, compost, and used as a fertilizer

explain what eutrophication is

Excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

For which substances does the EPA allow a MCL of 0 in drinking water?

Giardia and Fecal coliform

What are the benfits of stratospheric ozone?

Good up high but bad near by - blocks UV radiation

where in the US do we have a large dead zone? When does it form?

Gulf of Mexico, summer

Human wastewater entering into bodies of water can be dangerous because...

It can lead to eutrophication, the wastewater can carry pathogens

Which pollutant or pollutants are most likely to create eutrophic areas?

Nitrates and phosphates

list an advantage and disadvantage of a septic system

No electricity is needed to run a septic system; sludge from thetank must be pumped out periodically and taken to a sewage treatment plant: need a lot of land for a septic system for it to be successful

what is the difference between a point source and a non-point source? Which is easier to control?

Point source- distinct locations of pollution: a factory Non-point source- more diffused areas of pollution: a suburban community with many lawns

what is the goal of primary treatment? what happens to the sludge?

Solid waste material is dried and classified as sludge; Sludge is exposed to bacteria that can digest it

what is the first step of treating wastewater at a municipal sewage treatment plant?

Solid waste material settles out

Where and when does the ozone hole form?

Southpole - grows in the spring because of the availability of the chlorine from the winter

What is oxygen demanding waste and why does it demand oxygen?

The more waste that goes in, the more oxygen we need to be able to break it down.

What are the risks and benefits of manure lagoon?

The possibility of developing a leak in the liner; waste to seep into the overflow into adjacent water bodies; the application of manure as fertilizer can create runoff that moves into nearby water bodies; It can prevent manure from leaking into the groundwater; the manue can be spread onto farm fields to serve as a fertilizer

What is the goal of secondary treatment? Why does it require aeration?

To use bacteria to break down 85 to 90% of the organic matter in the water and convert it to carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. ' To promote the growth of aerobic bacteria, which emits less offensive odors than anaerobic bacteria.

How does sediment impact aquatic ecosystems?

Water ways become brown and cloudy, reduces infiltration of sunlight not delivering nutrients to plant life, can clog fish gills and basically sufficate them.

Explain how oxygen demanding waste can lead to a dead zone

When bodies of water have a high oxygen demand due to microbial decomposition the amount of oxygen remaining for other organisms can be very low. In some areas, there is so little oxygen and little life (dead zone)

Why is indoor air pollution a problem in developed countries?

building tehniques are so good that we don't get the movemetn of air that we need

VOC's (volital organic compounds)

cleaning prouducts

Methods used to remove spilled oil from the suface of the ocean include...

containment boom and oil vacuums, chemical dispersants, bacteria

Carbon Monoxide

incomplete burning of fuels

Asbestos

inslation; fire retardant; causes lung issues and cancer

Dead zones, such as the one in the Gulf of Mexico that exists off the coast of Louisiana, are characterized by...

low oxygen concentrations in the water, fish die-off events, a reduced number of marine plant species, a reduced number of shelfish

A man-made pond constructed to hold animal waste is called a...

manure lagoon

What is an MCL and how are they determined?

maximum contaminant levels. testing for 77 different elements/substances.

Environmental advantages of spetic tanks include all of the following except.. gravity is used to move the water...no byproducts of water treatment remain... water is returned to the local environment... harmful pathofens can be degraded by soil microorfanisms... sewage is broken down by natural means

no byproducts of water tratment remain

Possible sources of petroleum in the ocean waters include

oil tanker transportation, oil platform leaks, tanker or platform accidents, and natural seeps from the ocean floor

The difference between a point source and a nonpoint source of a water pollution is...

point sources can be targeted for reduction

Waste from which of the following is an example of a nonpoint source of water pollution?

runoff from sprayed agricultural fields

the most prevalent wat to treat human waste in rural areas where a large amount of land is available is...

septic systems

What is the Safe Drinking Water Act? What kinds of water does it apply to?

sets the national standards for safe drinking water. Surface and ground water.

types of wastewater...

sewage water from toilets, water from showering and bathing, water from washing clothes

What is the Clean Water Act? What kinds of water does it apply to?

supports the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wild life and recreation in and on the water; surface water

Using water for industrial processes within a closed system, where the hot water is cooled in a tower and then recycled for heating again, reduces?

thermal pollution by not releasing heated water into nature

Why is clean, safe water a challenge in less developed countries?

they are still in process of industrialization

Bacteria are beneficial to watewater treatment because...

they naturally brea down organic matter

What does low BOD indicate?

very clean water, healthier ecosystem