Chapter 16 17 & 18
Define endocrine system.
The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.
Name the hormone and enzyme secreted by the kidneys. (Module 16.15B)
The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin
The doctor is concerned about excessive bleeding in Joe's body, because
The liver normally synthesizes molecules that help stop bleeding
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)
To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
estrogen
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
hemoglobin
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs.
hemoglobin molecules
A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except
hypoglycemia.
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal?
There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue.
Describe the locations of the parathyroid glands.
They are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
Growth hormone does all of the following except
causes fat accumulation with adipocytes
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans. (Module 16.12C)
maintain circadian rhythms, control the timing of sexual maturation, protect against damage by free radicals
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts
1 second
The heart beats approximately ________ times each day.
100,000
There are ________ pulmonary veins.
4
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is
4 months
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45 percent
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55; 92
The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute.
6,000
A person with type AB blood has _______.
A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood? (Module 17.7D)
A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood.
Define regulatory hormone.
A regulatory hormone is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
AV node
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?
All of the answers are correct.
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
Anemia
Define autorhythmicity. (Module 18.12A)
Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate.
Bradycardia; tachycardia
Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A)
Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?
Chordae tendineae
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart.
False
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
False
The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart.
False
Which of the following is normally produced in the liver, and could explain why Joe's blood is ineffective at carrying around important molecules?
Globulins
Inadequate iodine in the diet would not lead to
Grave's disease
Define heart failure. (Module 18.16A)
Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues.
What is hematology? (Module 17.4A)
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-producing organs, and blood disorders.
Define hemostasis. (Module 17.10A)
Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding.
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
How does a treatment with anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
It destroys fetal RBCs that enter the maternal circulation.
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
Given his liver problems, Joe's doctor is also probably concerned that he might have
Jaundice
What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?
Left ventricle
Overall, the most common blood type is
O
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
P wave
Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.
Pectinate muscles
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
Provide a blood supply to the heart
Identify the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
The portion of the tracing of an electrocardiogram, ECG, that represents ventricular depolarization is the __________.
QRS complex
The most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn happens after a __________ woman has carried a __________ fetus.
Rh-, Rh+
Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node
________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation.
Systole; diastole
Why does tetany not occur in cardiac muscle? (Module 18.11A)
Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur.
Give the alternate terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation. (Module 18.9B)
The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole.
Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.
Trabeculae carneae
Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.
True
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
True
Why is ventricular fibrillation fatal? (Module 18.13C)
Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation.
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if
a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
a remnant of ductus arteriosus
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries that causes coronary ischemia?
a stent
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from
a superficial vein.
Which of these descriptions best matches the term platelets?
adhere to collagen beneath endothelium
Blood type A- would give which of the following results?
agglutination with anti-A antibodies
List the three phases of the stress response. (Module 16.17A)
alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
aldosterone
A person with A+ blood has _______.
all of the above
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists.
What superficial landmark identifies the boundary between the left and right ventricles?
anterior interventricular sulcus
A person with Type A blood has
antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably?
antigen and agglutinogen
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
are produced by the adrenal medulla.
Which pathology is described as a thickening and toughening of arterial walls?
arteriosclerosis
List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A)
atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
auricle
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
base
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicuspid
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.
both production and release
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called
bradycardia
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve
The function of the atrium is to
collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.
coronary
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
coronary arteries
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex
Platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.
Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except
decrease levels of calcium ions.
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
Platelets function in all of the following except
dissolving a formed clot
What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
electrical activity of the heart
Name the inner lining of the heart.
endocardium
Which of the following is mismatched?
endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other
White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the
eosinophils.
The adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine
Which of the following are the most abundant of the formed elements?
erythrocytes
The process of red blood cell production is called
erythropoiesis.
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
function independently of the endocrine system.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?
generates body temperature
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
heart
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
hematocrit
A typical adult hematocrit is
higher in males than females.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration?
insulin
When blood glucose levels rise,
insulin is released
Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
integrative.
Plasma is closest in ionic composition to
interstitial fluid.
The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles.
interventricular septum
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except
is responsive to osmoreceptors.
RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their
lack of nucleus
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Name the four chambers of the heart. (Module 18.1C)
left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium.
Identify the most muscular chamber.
left ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.
left ventricle; right ventricle
The condition known as goiter can result from too
little iodine in the diet
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except
lymph vessels
Identify the two types of leukemia. (Module 17.11B)
myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia
A cancer involving neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils is called a
myeloid leukemia.
Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)
natriuretic peptides
A person with type O blood has _______.
neither A nor B agglutinogens
Identify the five types of white blood cells. (Module 17.9A)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils.
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils.
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C)
parathyroid hormone
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone.
An elevated hematocrit value is termed
polycythemia
A person's blood type is determined largely by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
produce hormones
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
prolactin; corticotropin
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it
pumps a greater volume.
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to red bone marrow.
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is
red bone marrow.
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
resistance
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
right and left lungs
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
Coronary veins empty into the
right atrium
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
right coronary artery and left coronary artery
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle.
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
sinoatrial node
The normal pH of blood is
slightly alkaline
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
suprarenal
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called
tachycardia
The testes produce
testosterone
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B antibodies.
Name the hormones of the thyroid gland. (Module 16.8B)
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
Identify the right atrioventricular valve.
tricuspid valve
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
Which blood type contains RBCs with surface antigen B only and plasma that contains only anti-A antibodies?
type B
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
ventricular depolarization
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood.
Define hormone receptor.
A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.
Define diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland. (Module 16.6A)
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin.
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
carbohydrates.
The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.
cardiovascular
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry oxygen
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except
decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
differential count
With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are __________ different blood types.
eight
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.
endocrine
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called
permissive
Which blood disorder involves a deficiency of Vitamin B12?
pernicious anemia
Melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland
Which blood sample contained the universal recipient?
sample 5
Which of the blood samples tested could donate to a person with type A+ blood?
samples 1 and 4
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
several
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.
erythropoietin; kidneys
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters.
5 to 6
