Chapter 16

A striking feature of the salons was

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

The influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

The universe functioned in a mechanical fashion

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

The concept of the reading revolution refers to

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of the planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

How did European governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

What was the Republic of Letters?

A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?

Pierra Bayle

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the scientific revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified in one coherent system

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

Mary Astell's ,A Serious Proposal To The Ladies, encouraged women to

aspire to a life of mind

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Who was the author of, On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

Cesare Beccaria

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the catholic church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

Human development is determined by education and society

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations