Chapter 16
A striking feature of the salons was
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
The influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that
The universe functioned in a mechanical fashion
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
The concept of the reading revolution refers to
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of the planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
How did European governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
What was the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?
Pierra Bayle
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the scientific revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified in one coherent system
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism
Mary Astell's ,A Serious Proposal To The Ladies, encouraged women to
aspire to a life of mind
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
Who was the author of, On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the catholic church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Rococo
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
Human development is determined by education and society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations