CSFA A&P

The normal pH of blood is

7.3-7.4

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

Cheif

The carotid body & carotid sinus are 2 sensory structures; the carotid body is a

Chemoreceptor - the carotid body is located in the wall of the carotid sinus & contains chemoreceptors to aid in regulating circulation & respiration

What is the nourishing coat of the eyeball gas consists mainly of blood vessels?

Choroid

Spinal fluid is produced by the

Choroid plexus (nearly 800 ml of cerebrospinal fluid is produced daily by specialized capillaries called the choroid plexus)

Which are the branches of the left coronary artery

Circumflex & anterior descending arteries

A rounded protuberance found at a point of articulation with another bone is called a

Condyle

The celiac artery trifurcates into the

Left gastric, splenic & hepatic arteries

The 2 muscles that form the pelvic diaphragm

Levator ani & coccygeus (the pelvic diaphragm is 1 of 2 muscles that extend across the outlet of the pelvis, the pelvic diaphragm consists of the Levator ani & coccygeus)

Which is a principle muscle of the pelvic floor?

Levator animal (it extends as a sheet of muscle across the pelvic outlet & innervates the pudendal nerve)

The rectus sheaths that meet to form a tough fibrous white band that extends from the xiphoid process to the public symphysis is the

Linea Alba

Which nerve travels along the anterior-lateral chest wall and innervates the serratus anterior muscle?

Long thoracic

The series of arcades along the mesenteric border throughout the length of the colon is called the

Marginal artery of Drummond (it is a large collateral vessel that connects the superior mesenteric circulation with that of the inferior mesenteric artery & forms a continuous arcade along the mesenteric border of the colon)

The arterial blood supply to the nose is from branches of the internal & external

Maxillary

The structure that binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the

Mesentery

The ovary is suspended from the posterior leaf of the broad ligament by the

Mesovarium

Which artery is a direct branch of the internal carotid?

Middle cerebral

The valve that prevents the retrograde flow of blood into the atrium from the left ventricle is the

Mitral valve

The gelatinous substance within an intervertebral disc is called the

Nucleus pulposus

Which cranial nerve innervates the inferior, medial, superior rectus, inferior oblique & levator palpebrae muscles of the eye

Oculomotor (III)

The sphincter located at the distal end of the common bile duct that opens into the duodenum is the

Oddi (it controls the release of pancreatic juices into the duodenum)

What is the loose areolar tissue that separates the breast from the pectoralis major?

Retromammary space (it contains lymphatic & vessels )

The terminal arterial branches of the aorta are the

Right & left common iliac

The anastomosis, or linking, of arcades between the superior & inferior mesenteric vessels is known as the long anastomosis of

Riolan

Which lymph node is located between the pectoralis major and minor muscles?

Rotter (or interpectoral group )

Which ligament travels in the upper part of the broad ligaments below and in front of the fallopian tubes, passing over the vesicle vessels and nerve?

Round

Another name for the folds on the inner wall of the stomach is

Rugae

The tibial & common peroneal nerves are terminal branches of which nerve?

Sciatic

2/3s of the breast tissue rests on the pectoralis major muscle & the other 1/3rd rests on the

Serratus anterior

The inner lining of the mucosa within the gastrointestinal tract is composed of

Simple columnar epithelium

At the base of each internal carotid artery is an enlargement called the

Sinus - the carotid Sinus contains baroreceptors that aid in controlling blood pressure

The coronary arteries originate at the base of the ascending aorta, also known as the

Sinuses of Valsalva

The flexure between the transverse colon & the descending colon is called the

Splenic flexure

The left gastric, right gastric, right gastroepiploic, left gastroepiploic & short gastric arteries supply the

Stomach

The nerve of Grassi is associated with the

Stomach (it's the posterior branch of the vagal nerve)

The large artery that arises from the left side of the aortic arch and desends into the arm is the

Subclavian (the 3rd branch of the aortic arch & leads to the arm)

Adipose tissue lies in which skin layer?

Subcutaneous

The arterial supply to the intestinal tract, with the exception of the stomach, duodenum, and distal rectum, is derived from the

Superior & inferior mesenteric arteries

Which artery supplies the cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexural and proximal portion of the transverse colon?

Superior mesenteric (the superior mesenteric recieves blood from the small intestines)

Which rectus muscle moves the eyeball upward & medially?

Superior rectus

The ophthalmic artery divides into the

Supraorbital & supratrochlear

The mammary gland is fixed to the overlying skin and the underlying pectoral fascia by fibrous bands known as

Suspension ligaments of cooper (cooper's ligament extends from the dermis to the fascial layer & helps support the breast tissue)

In addition to the zygoma, which other bone comprises the zygomatic arch

Temporal

The 5 branches of the facial nerve from superior to inferior, after it enters the parotid gland is

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

The duration plane that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

Tentorium cerebelli, transverse

The node of Lund is located in the

Triangle of Calot (the cystic node is located in the triangle of Calot, also called Calot's node)

The great sensory nerve of the face & head is the

Trigeminal

Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle

Trochlear (IV)

Langer lines generally lie perpendicular to the direction of

Underlying muscle tension (in the dermal & epidermal layers of the skin)

What describes a nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve

Variant laryngeal nerve that branches from the vagus & travels directly into the larynx at the level of the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

Lymph channels run parallel to which structures

Veins

Which cavities within the brain are filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

Ventricles

Which arteries supply blood to the brain?

Vertebral & internal carotids

The branches of the aortic arch are

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid & left subclavian

Which ligament encloses the round ligament and extends from the lateral surface of the uterus to the pelvic wall?

Broad

What area located in the frontal gyrus of the brain controls the function of speech?

Broca's

Water constitutes what average normal percentage of total body weight?

50%-70%

What is normal cardiac output for an adult?

4-8 L/minute

The third ventricle of the brain emptied into the fourth ventricle through the

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Which ligament connects the thyroid to the trachea?

Berry (located superior lyrics on the thyroid, the ligament of berry ,composed of connective tissue, connects the thyroid to the tracheal rings.

The white line of Hilton is situated

Between the external & internal anal sphincters

The thoracic duct begins in the

Abdomen at the Cisterna Chyli

The ovarian artery is a branch of the

Abdominal aorta

Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Abducens (VI)

Excessive secretion of growth hormones in adults causes

Acromegaly

The area where the common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct and enters the duodenum is called

Ampulla of Vater

An enzyme active in the digestion of starches is

Amylase (it's a atarch-splitting enzyme)

Which ligament is attached to the posterior lateral condyle of the femur & to the notch of the midline of the tibia between the tibial condyles?

Anterior cruciate

The point of separation between the posterior rectus sheath superiorly and absence of the sheath inferiorly is called the

Arcuate line (it is an important anatomical landmarks especially when performing a lap hernia repair. Superior to the line, the aponeurosis of the internal oblique muscle contributes to the anterior & posterior rectus sheaths. Inferior to the line, the internal oblique & transversus abdominal aponeuroses are situated anterior to the rectus muscle)

At what point does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

At the location of the inguinal ligament (the external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery next to the inguinal ligament, also called the poupart's ligament)

A prolongation of the breast tissue located in the upper, outer part of the breast that passes through an opening in the axillary fascia is called the

Axillary tail of spence (the only breast tissue located under the deep fascia)

Which vein drains the right side of the vertebral column?

Azygos (it originates in the dorsal abdominal & runs to the right side of the vertebral column to join the superior vena cava)

A chemical reaction that provides energy by the breakdown of food molecules is called

Catabolism

Jackson's membrane would be found near the

Cecum (Jackson's membrane, aka, Jackson's veils, are peritoneal folds located across the ascending colon from the Cecum to the right flexure)

At which vertebral level is the odontoid process located?

C2 (on the superior surface of the 2nd cervical vertebra, the odontoid process projects upward)

The cartilage distal to the thyroid cartilage and proximal to the thyroid gland is the

Cricoid

The three structures that form the anatomical triangle of Calot are

Cystic duct, common hepatic & lower edge of the liver (the triangle of Calot is an imaginary landmark formed by the Cystic duct, common hepatic duct & inferior border of the liver)

The 3 protective tissue layers in order starting with the most superficial

Dura mater, arachnoid & pia mater

Body temperature is regulated by the

Hypothalamus

The veins of Sappey drain the

Diaphragm (they drain into the liver)

The head of the pancreas is surrounded by the

Duodenum

Which vein drains the intracranial venous sinuses to veins on the outside of the skull?

Emissary (these veins connect the sinuses of the dura mater with the veins located on the exterior surface of the skull)

The inner lining of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is composed of

Epithelium (a simple column of epithelium composes the outer layer of the villus on the lining if the small intestine)

Which artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland?

External carotid

The liver is divided into 2 principle lobes by which ligament?

Falciform

The fold of dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres

Falx cerebri

Collagen is produced by which connective tissue cells?

Fibroblasts

The frontal lobe is bounded posteriorly by the central sulcus, also called the

Fissure of Rolando

What separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

Fissure of Sylvius (the cerebrum is divided by sulci & fissures into specific lobes. The lateral boundary of the anterior portion of the cerebrum is the lateral sulcus or fissure of sylvius)

Where do the mental nerves & vessels exit from the mandible?

Foramen

The lateral ventricles within the cerebral hemisphere communicate with the third ventricle through the opening called

Foramen of Monro

Fissure of Silvis separates the

Frontal & temporal lobe

Where is Hartmann's pouch located?

Gallbladder infundibulum (An enlargement of the neck of the gallbladder that is caused by a stone or stones, is called Hartmann's pouch)

Valves of the gallbladder are called

Heister (the gallbladder neck & cystic duct contain spiral-shaped mucosa folds called the valves of heister)

The small ducts that drain bile directly into the gallbladder are called

Hepatic ducts

The recurrent laryngeal nerve that supplies the vocal cords lies very close to the

Inferior thyroid artery

Hesselbach's triangle is bounded by the rectus abdominis muscle, inferior epigastric vessels and

Inguinal ligament

Which artery divides into the anterior & middle cerebral arteries?

Internal carotid (the 2 internal carotid arteries & the basilar artery unite in a circular structure near the base of the brain near the circle of willis. This circle is formed by the anterior cerebral arteries which are derived from the internal carotid arteries & the posterior cerebral arteries derived from the basilar artery)

The arterial supply to the bladder is derived mainly from the

Internal iliac

The uterine artery is a branch of the anterior trunk of the

Internal iliac artery

The arterial blood supply to the breast is supplied from branches of the

Internal mammary, axillary & lateral thoracic ( the blood to the breast is supplied by thoracic branches of the axillary artery whose primary branches are internal thoracic, intercostal & lateral mammary arteries)

The thyroid gland consists of right & left lobes joined by the

Isthmus (a long band of tissue)

Which organ is completely retroperitoneal?

Kidney

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Phrenic

Which vein is shared by the pancreas & the liver?

Portal

The Junction of the superior mesenteric & splenic veins forms the

Portal vein

Which 2 electrolytes are essential for normal cardiac contractions

Potassium & calcium

The anatomical division between the inguinal & femoral regions us the

Poupart's ligament

Deoxygenated blood is carried from the right ventricle to the lungs via the

Pulmonary arteries

Which of the following structures of the kidney does urine drain into from the major calyces?

Renal pelvis (the Renal pelvis is where the ureter enters the kidney & the pelvis expands into the Calyces which serve to collect urine)

What is the name for the small pancreatic duct?

The duct of santorini

This vein proximally travels across the neck of the abdominal aorta

The left renal vein

The avascular area located in the mesenteric and to the left of the middle colic artery is

The space of Riolan

Which nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle?

Thoracodorsal

Which nerve is located lateral to the long thoracic nerve & inner vases the latissimus dorsi muscle?

Thoracodorsal

What structures are located in the anterior mediastinum?

Thymus, ascending aorta & lymph nodes

Which cranial nerve emerges from the medulla, passes through the skull & descends through the neck region into the thorax & abdominal region

X - the 10th pair, vagus nerves