Chapter 16

The awe-inspiring qualities of the western landscape were commonly depicted by painters of the ________ ________ school

Rocky Mountain

Which of the following best describes the relationships between rail lines and cattle trails?

cattle trails often ended in towns on major rail lines

The systematic placing of Indians on reservation was known as the "_________" policy

concentration

Nineteenth-century novels idealized the ________ as a uniquely American hero

cowboy

In 1886 surrender of the Indian band led by _______ signaled the end of formal warfare between Indians and whites

Geronimo

Which of the following best describes commercial farmers of the late nineteenth century?

specialized

Which of the following best describes the significance of completing the transcontinental railroad?

states were inspired to support construction of subsidiary lines

Why did transcontinental railroad builders prefer to hire Chinese workers?

the Chinese made few demands

After the Civil War, most new settlers to the West came from

the East

Why is the Battle of Little Bighorn significant?

the Indian army united an almost unprecedented number of warriors

In the aftermath of the Mexican War, the territory of New Mexico contained _______ Anglo-Americans and more than _______ Hispanics

1,000 50,000

Which of the following western states gained statehood before 1900?

1. North Dakota 2. Washington 3. Wyoming 4. Utah

Which of the Plains Indians tribes joined together in the mid-nineteenth century to form a powerful alliance that ruled the northern plains?

1. cheyenne 2. arapaho 3. sioux

Which of the following were major grievances western farmers had in the late nineteenth century?

1. inflated rail costs 2. high interest rates

In mining towns. women who needed money often worked as

1. laundresses 2. prostitutes 3. tavern keepers 4. cooks

Which of the following were reasons that many Chinese entered the laundry business?

1. laundries did not require much start-up money 2. most laundry jobs did not require extensive English skills

Many companies found more profit in mining less glamorous resources, including which of the following?

1. quartz 2. tin 3. zinc

Which of the following were major challenges to the cattle industry in the late 1880s?

1. spread of farms 2. overgrazing and overstocking 3. harsh weather 4. competition from other herders

For how long did the first Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 ban the Chinese from entering the United States?

10 years

In what year did the massacre at Wounded Knee occur?

1890

Which of the following was a provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Chinese immigrants could not become U.S. citizens

The Bureau of ______ _______ was established to administer to the Indian reservations

Indian Affairs

The Comstock Lode was discovered in

Nevada

Construction on the Central Pacific rail line was marked by the refusal to give Chinese laborers

adequate shelter

In the mid-1870s, Joseph H. Glidden and I. L. Ellwood developed and marketed ________ ________, which helped revolutionize fencing practices worldwide.

barbed wire

As more and more English-speaking immigrants entered California, many Hispanics known as Californios found themselves living in _____ in Los Angeles

barrios

Most nineteenth-century Chines organizations in America functioned as a type of _____ society

benevolent

As part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs' assimilation policy, Indian children were taken from their families and sent to ______ ______ run by whites

boarding schools

How did the United States respond to acts of Indian aggression?

by calling upon militias to subdue and destroy the Indians

How did literature express the growing discontent with late-nineteenth-century agrarian life?

by reminiscing about the bygone days of idyllic frontier life

What was the outcome of most efforts to improve Chinese working conditions on the transcontinental railroad?

efforts failed, and the Chinese returned to work

Workers in the West had greater ________ than those in the East

ethnic diversity

In the mid-1800s, the western _______ economy began a long decline

farming

Many Americans considered the West "the final ______"

frontier

in 1874, prospectors discovered _____ in Black Hills

gold

Which of the following best describes the attack on tribal sovereignty created by the Dawes Act?

gradual

Chinese women in the West most often

had been sold into prostitution

How did the climate of the early 1870's affect westward migration?

intense rainfall caused many farmers to relocate to the Great Plains

How did the Chinese respond to working conditions on the transcontinental railroad?

some went on strike to combat low pay and terrible conditions

How did overproduction affect American farmers in the late nineteenth century?

it caused many farms to collapse

Which of the following most contributed to agrarian malaise?

loneliness

Why did the Indians' actions at Little Bighorn ultimately fail?

many of the warriors disbanded and were killed or captured by U.S. troops

Secular forces in the Mexican government dismantled traditional Hispanic ________ society in California

mission

Most of the organizations that controlled Chinatowns in the West were

powerful merchant groups

The single most important contributor to settlement of the West was

railroad construction

Western farmers main grievance was the high prices that _______ charged for services

railroads

Wester agricultural life was defined by _______ shortages

rainfall

Which of the following best describes the mining boom in the West?

short-lived

Initially, Indian resistance to white expansion took the form of

small-scale raids

Indians were vulnerable to infectious diseases, such as the ______ epidemics that decimated the Pawnee in Nebraska in the 1840s

smallpox

How did U.S. expansion to the Southwest affect Spanish-speaking communities in New Mexico?

the ruling classes lost their power

How did the works of Mark Twain romanticize frontier America

they depicted freedom from social constraints

How did the works of Mark Twain romanticize frontier America?

they depicted freedom from social constraints

Why did most whites engage in the practice of Indian hunting?

they wanted to eliminate a race of people they thought were inhuman

What was the ultimate goal of the Dawes Act?

to assimilate Indians to American culture

One of the ways that the buffalo were slaughtered was by casual visitors shooting from ________

trains

As leader of band of Cheyenne and Arapaho, Black Kettle thought his people would be protected from an 1864 campaign against Indians in Colorado

true

True or false: Overproduction was damaging to the American agricultural economy

true

The dual labor system that developed in the West was characterized by unequal treatment of

white and nonwhite racial groups

In the Western economy, _______ workers filled the skilled jobs, while ______ employees occupied the unskilled jobs

white, nonwhite

Why did white opinion of Chinese immigrants change during the 1850s?

whites became jealous of the Chinese who prospered, especially in the gold mines