Chapter 16:

Which describe the conjunctiva?

-A mucus membrane - A thin transparent membrane -Highly vascularized

Which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors on taste hairs?

-Alkaloids -Sugars -Glutamate

Equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? Choose three of the options below.

-Balance -Orientation in space -corrdination

Which sensations result from activation of interoceptors?

-Bladder pressure -Visceral pain

What are the effects of light exposure on the retina?

-Cis-retinal is converted to trans isoform. -Rods decrease rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells.

Which cranial nerves are involved in collecting sensory information from taste buds? Choose three from the list below.

-Glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) -Facial (cranial nerve VII) Vagus (cranial nerve X)

Which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures?

-Hearing -Balance

Name the two cell types that function primarily to enhance the perception of the edges of objects, contrast and light intensity in the retina?

-Horizontal Cells -Amacrine Cells

Cerumen does which of the following?

-Keeps the tympanic membrane pilable -inhibits bacterial growth -waterproof the ear canal

The vestibular nerves lead to four vestibular nuclei that are located in which regions of the brainstem? Select two of the following structures.

-Pons -Medulla oblongata

What are the two moieties of rhodopsin?

-Retinal -Opsin

What are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin?

-Retinal and opsin separation -Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform

Which are types of photoreceptor cells?

-Rods -Cones

Maculae are found in which parts of the inner ear? Select two answers from the list below.

-Saccule -Uticle

Which cochlear chambers contain perilymph?

-Scala tympani -Scala vestibuli

Which structures are part of the outer, fibrous layer of the eyeball?

-Sclera -Cornea

The inner layer of the eye contains which of the following?

-Start of optic nerve -Retina

What are the components of the vestibular apparatus? Choose three answers from the list below.

-Utricle -Saccule -Semicircular ducts

Which processes help focus an image on the retina during the near response?

-accommodation of the lens -convergence of the eyes -constrictoin of the pupil

Which structures are part of the vascular layer of the eyeball?

-ciliary body -choroid -iris

Which describe the choroid?

-highly pigmented -contains numerous capillaries -part of the vascular tunic (layer)

Which are extrinsic eye muscles?

-inferior rectus -superior rectus -lateral rectus -inferior oblique -medical rectus -superior oblique

Which are functions of the vitreous body?

-keeps retina smooth -maintains intraocular pressure

List the components of the lacrimal apparatus.

-lacrimal gland -lacrimal ducts

Although human ears can detect frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz, they are most sensitive to frequencies within which range?

1,500 to 5,000 Hz

What is the range of frequencies within which humans can hear relatively soft (low energy) sounds?

1,500 to 5,000 Hz

Put the components of the visual projection pathway in order starting with the retina and ending with the brain.

1. Bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina 2. Hemidecussation in optic chiasm 3. Optic tracts 4. Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5. Optic radiations 6. Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Trace the auditory projection pathway from start to finish by placing these structures in order, starting with the nerve leaving the inner ear.

1. Cochlear nerve 2. Cochlear nuclei of medulla 3. inferior colliculi 4. thalamus 5. primary auditory cortex

Which is associated with a louder sound?

1. Higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve 2. Greater number of hair cells excited 3. More vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane

List the ossicles of the middle ear in order, starting with the ossicle closest to the tympanic membrane.

1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes

Place the following events in the correct order starting with what happens first.

1. Odorant molecules bind to G-protein coupled receptors on some olfactory hairs 2. Activation of cAMP second messenger system inside olfactory cells 3. Ion channels open in the olfactory cells' membranes 4. Influx of cations depolarize olfactory cells 5. Action potentials travel down the olfactory nerve.

Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells.

1. Oval window vibrates. 2. pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli 3. basilar membrane moves up and down. 4. inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane. 5. stereocilia bend and tp-link proteins open K+ channels. 6. k+ ions enter hair cell causing depolarization.

Put the following events in order to describe how the semicircular canals detect angular acceleration. Start with rotation of the semicircular canals.

1. Rotation of semicircular canals 2. endolymph pushes against cupula 3. Sterocilia bend 4. hair cells depolarize 5. Action potentials travel down vestibule nerve

List the steps (in order) involved in detecting a change in static equilibrium.

1. Tilt of the head 2. Shift of otolithic membrane 3. bending of stereocilia 4. Depolarization of hair cells

Rank the types of lingual papillae according to how many taste buds they contain. Start with those that contain the highest number of taste buds per papillae, and end with those that do not contain any taste buds.

1. Vallate papillae 2. Fungiform papillae 3. Foliate papillae 4. Filiform papillae

Put the following events in order the describe the effects of light exposure on the retina. Start with rhodopsin absorbing light, and finish with ganglion cells firing action potentials.

1.Rhodspsin absorbs light 2. Cis-retinal isomerizes to trans-retinal. 3. Opsin triggers signaling cascade in outer segment of rod cells 4. Glutamate release from rod cells decreases. 5. Bipolar cells detect changes in gluatamate release. 5. Ganglion cells fire action potentials.

A pain signal arising from the head must travel along how many neurons before reaching the brain?

3

How many neurons make up most somatosensory projection pathways?

3

Most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones?

3

Unlike in most other sensory projection pathways, auditory signals must travel along how many neurons before they reach the cortex?

4

What wavelengths of light are visible to the human eye?

400-700 nm

What is the cupula?

A gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells

Which describes the optic disc?

An area of the retina lacking photoreceptors

Which term refers to a substance or mechanism that has pain-relieving properties?

Analgesic

What fluid is secreted by the ciliary body?

Aqueous humor

What is a receptive field?

Area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus

Which is also known as the external acoustic meatus?

Auditory canal

Which is located in the middle ear?

Auditory ossicles

Infections of the throat may be transmitted to the middle ear via which of the following?

Auditory tube

Which structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

Auditory tube

The _____ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani.

Basilar

The cochlea detects differences in the pitch of sound because different frequencies vibrate different areas along which of the following?

Basilar membrane

Which term refers to the comparison of signals from both the right and left ears to localize the source of a sound?

Binaural hearing

Which type of retinal cell synapses with the photoreceptors and functions as a first order neuron in the visual pathway?

Bipolar cells

Which term refers to the transformation of cis-retinal to trans-retinal after absorption of light?

Bleaching

The _____ is a highly vascular, deeply pigmented portion of the vascular tunic located behind the retina.

Choroid

What are olfactory hairs?

Cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules

The _____ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.

Ciliary

The suspensory ligament attaches the lens to which of the following structures?

Ciliary body

Which structure secretes the aqueous humor?

Ciliary body

Taste buds

Clusters of taste cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

The axons of bipolar sensory neurons leave the spiral organ to form which nerve?

Cochlear

Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or more photopsins?

Color blindness

Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision?

Cone cell

Photopsin

Cones

The _____ is a thin transparent membrane covering the eyeball and the inner surface of the eyelids.

Conjunctiva

Describe the function of the spiral organ.

Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses

Astigmatism may result from an irregularity in which of the following structures?

Cornea

The _____ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer (tunic) of the eye.

Cornea

The anterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures?

Cornea and iris

The _____ ampullaris is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampulla of a semicircular canal.

Crista

Which term refers to the mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts?

Crista ampullaris

Which term refers to the gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts?

Cupula

The loudness of a sound is expressed in which of the following units?

Decibels (dB)

What occurs when outer hair cells of the spiral organ are stimulated by motor neurons from the pons?

Decreased mobility of the basilar membrane

Stereoscopic vision provides for which of the following?

Depth perception

By definition, _____ is double vision resulting from failure of convergence.

Diplopia

Failed convergence of the eyes produces double-vision, also known as which of the following?

Diplopia

Slow (second) pain matches

Dull, diffuse pain that occurs immediately following injury

Which term refers specifically to the perception of acceleration?

Dynamic equilibrium

Vision is the perception of which of the following?

Electromagnetic radiation

Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

Endolymph

Which term refers to coordination, balance, and orientation in three-dimensional space?

Equilibrium

The vestibule contains receptors for which sensory modality?

Equilibrium (balance)

True or false: All sensory signals are consciously perceived.

False

True or false: As we age, the near point of vision decreases.

False

True or false: If a bright light was flashed into the right eye, only the pupil of the right eye would constrict.

False

True or false: Sensory receptors are composed of sensory organs.

False

True or false: The auditory ossicles provide mechanical advantage and amplify the sound.

False

Hyperopia

Farsightedness

Which type of pain usually occurs first in an injury?

Fast pain

Which term refers to the outermost layer of the eyeball?

Fibrous

Which type of lingual papillae do not contain taste buds?

Filiform papillae

Which type of lingual papillae is most abundant?

Filiform papillae

Which type of lingual papillae is responsible for giving cats' tongues their rough, sandpaper-like feel?

Filiform papillae

Which type of lingual papillae are weakly developed in humans and lose most of their taste buds by age 2 or 3 years?

Foliate papillae

Which type of lingual papillae form parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue?

Foliate papillae

Which portion of the retina produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image)?

Fovea centralis

Which term refers to unencapsulated nerve endings that act as temperature receptors (warm and cold), and nociceptors (pain)?

Free nerve endings

The pitch of a sound is determined by which aspect of the vibration producing it?

Frequency

Which type of lingual papillae are most concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue?

Fungiform papillae

Which type of lingual papillae contain about three taste buds per papillae?

Fungiform papillae

Melanopsin

Ganglion Cells

Which type of retinal cells function as second-order neurons in the visual pathway, as well as occasionally functioning as photoreceptors?

Ganglion cell

The axons of which retinal cells form the optic nerve?

Ganglion cells

Which term refers to the sensation of taste?

Gustation

Which act as sensory receptors within the utricle and saccule?

Hair cells

Which serves as the sensory receptors in the semicircular ducts?

Hair cells

How many fibers of the optic nerve cross over at the optic chiasm?

Half of them

The cochlea contains receptors for which sense?

Hearing

Higher pitched sounds (more treble) are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?

Higher frequencies

Which term refers to difficulty in viewing nearby objects?

Hyperopia

Which regions of the brain receive taste information and in turn activate autonomic reflexes related to food, such as salivating, gagging, and vomiting?

Hypothalamus and amygdala

astigmatism

Inability to simultaneously facus on light rays that enter the eye on different planes

Activation of descending analgesic pathways will result in which of the following?

Increased release of enkephalins by spinal interneurons

The retina is part of which tunic of the eyeball?

Inner

Pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear?

Inner ear

The orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for which of the following?

Integrating different types of sensory information into an overall perception of flavor

Which layer of the eyeball includes the retina?

Internal

The colored portion of the eye surrounding the pupil is called the _____ .

Iris

The posterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures?

Iris and lens

What happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light?

It becomes all-trans retinal.

Which statement about the pupillary dilator is true?

It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells.

What is the function of the tympanic reflex?

It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises.

Which statement about the pupillary constrictor is true?

It narrows the pupil.

Why does constriction of the pupil facilitate focusing on nearby objects?

It reduces spherical aberration.

vallate

Large circular bumps that form a V towards the back of the tongue

Louder sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?

Larger amplitudes

Which extrinsic eye muscle moves the eyeball laterally?

Lateral rectus

Which structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?

Lens

The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye?

Lens and retina

The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighter area is called _____ adaptation.

Light

Which term refers to the brain's ability to determine the site of stimulation?

Location

Which term refers to a bactericidal enzyme found in tears and other body secretions?

Lysozyme

Which term refers to a patch of cells in the center of the retina?

Macula lutea

Which term refers to the patch of hair cells and supporting cells positioned vertically on the wall of the saccule?

Macula sacculi

Which term refers to patches of sensory epithelium within the utricle and saccule?

Maculae

Supporting cells

Mature cells within a taste bud that do not play a role in gustation

Which type of receptor detects touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration?

Mechanoreceptor

Which type of cone contains a photopsin that is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of light around 531 nm?

Medium-wavelength cones

The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is lined with a series of fleshy tubes called the _____ labyrinth.

Membranous

Which section of the ear runs from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window of the cochlea?

Middle ear

Which term refers to the type of stimulus or sensation produced when a sensory receptor is activated?

Modality

The central pillar of bone within the cochlea of the inner ear is called the _____ .

Modiolus

Which term refers to the central pillar of spongy bone which supports the cochlea of the inner ear?

Modiolus

Proprioceptors respond to which type of stimuli?

Movements or changes in body position

Fungiform

Mushroom-shaped bumps concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue

Nociceptors that give rise to the sensation of fast pain are characterized by which of the following?

Myelinated axons

Which term refers to difficulty in viewing distant objects?

Myopia

What is the distal most portion of the lacrimal apparatus from the lacrimal gland?

Nasolacrimal duct

The _____ point of vision refers to the closest an object can be to the eyes and still be focused.

Near

The term "_____ response" refers to the processes involved in focusing on close objects.

Near

Myopia

Nearsightedness

Which type of secretion from the tarsal glands coats the eye and reduces evaporation?

Oil

The retina is examined with an instrument called a(n) _____ which illuminates and magnifies the retina.

Ophthalmoscope

Which instrument is used to examine the retina?

Ophthalmoscope

Where does hemidecussation occurs in the visual projection pathway?

Optic chiasm

Which area of the retina lacks photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"?

Optic disc

The area of the brain responsible for creating an overall impression of food by integrating taste, smell and visual input is the area of the cerebral cortex called the _____ cortex.

Orbitofrontal

Which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle?

Otolithic

The sclera is part of which tunic of the eyeball?

Outer

The beginning of the inner ear is a membrane-covered opening called which of the following?

Oval window

Which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear?

Oval window

Which can be defined as discomfort resulting from tissue damage or exposure to noxious stimuli?

Pain

Visceral pain matches

Pain arising from internal organs

The term referred pain specifically refers to which of the following?

Pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin

The pupillary constrictor muscle is under direct control of which branch of the nervous system?

Parasympathetic

Which fluid serves as a cushion between the bony and membranous labyrinths?

Perilymph

Which term is another name for hair receptors?

Peritrichial endings

The _____ reflex refers to the ability of the pupil to respond to the intensity of light.

Photopupillary

Rods and cones are examples of which of the following?

Photoreceptor cells

Rhodopsin is an example of a visual _____ , a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light.

Pigment

The _____ epithelium of the retina absorbs stray light.

Pigmented

Which term refers to the reduced ability to accommodate for near vision that commonly occurs with aging?

Presbyopia

Which term refers to the area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus?

Receptive field

presbyopia

Reduced ability to accommodate for near vision with age

During a heart attack, people often experience pain in their shoulder even though the pain is being triggered by ischemia (lack of oxygen) in the heart muscle. Which type of pain does this describe?

Referred pain

As light passes through different mediums, its path will bend. What is this called?

Refraction

Which term refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different density?

Refraction

The ora serrata is the scalloped margin of which structure?

Retina

Which structure contains photoreceptors?

Retina

Name the visual pigment present in rods.

Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin

Rods

Which are the photoreceptor cells responsible for night vision?

Rods

Which type of photoreceptor cells demonstrate extensive neural convergence resulting in spatial summation, useful for low light vision?

Rods

Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts?

Rotational motion

Which cochlear chamber is the most superior?

Scala vestibuli

Which term refers to the posterior, white portion of the fibrous layer?

Sclera

Aqueous humor is reabsorbed from the anterior chamber into the blood by which of the following?

Scleral venous sinus

Rod cells are primarily responsible for which type of vision?

Scotopic

Which term refers to the conscious perception of a stimulus?

Sensation

What is olfaction?

Sense of smell

Taste cells

Sensory cells that detect tastants

An electrical signal generated in the retina travels along a specific pathway in the nervous system to reach the visual cortex in the brain. Which term describes that pathway?

Sensory projection pathway

Which would be true about a person with only one eye?

She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.

Where are free nerve endings most abundant?

Skin and mucous membranes

Taste pore

Small pits in the epithelium of the tongue into which taste hairs project

Softer (quieter) sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?

Smaller amplitudes

Which term refers to any audible vibration of molecules?

Sound

Senses in which of the following categories utilize receptors that are specific to a particular area of the body?

Special senses

Which tract is part of the pathway responsible for eliciting emotional pain responses (e.g. fear and nausea)?

Spinoreticular tract

Which neural pathway is the primary projection pathway for pain signals arising from below the neck?

Spinothalamic tract

The acoustic organ, also known as the _____ organ, transduces airborne vibrations into neural signals.

Spiral

Which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary?

Static equilibrium

What are the "hairs" on the hair cells of the spiral organ?

Stereocilia

What is presbyopia?

Stiffening of the lens with age resulting in reduced ability to accommodate for near vision

Which extrinsic eye muscle passes through the trochlea?

Superior oblique

The myoepithelial cells within the pupillary dilator are innervated by which branch of the nervous system?

Sympathetic

Which are specialized to detect textures, edges and shapes?

Tactile (Merkel) discs

Which structure secretes an oil that reduces tear evaporation?

Tarsal gland

The auditory canal is a passageway through which bone?

Temporal

Which cranial bone contains the bony labyrinth?

Temporal

Which structure secretes endogenous opioids?

The brain

What is sensory adaptation?

The decrease in perceived sensation over time

Relative to high frequency vibrations, lower frequency vibrations cause which of the following?

The distal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the proximal end

Binaural hearing allows you to compare the signals coming from the right and left ears in order to determine which of the following?

The location of the sound's source

What is a sensory projection pathway?

The neural pathway followed by sensory signals on their way to the brain

Which structure in the gustatory pathway relays signals to the primary gustatory cortex?

The thalamus

Which type of receptor is specialized to respond to hot and cold stimuli?

Thermoreceptor

What role do odorant binding proteins play in olfaction?

They transport hydrophobic odorants through the mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium.

Filiform

Tiny spikes found mostly on the middle of the tongue

What types of stimuli activate nociceptors?

Tissue damage, potentially damaging stimuli

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

To produce and drain tears

What is the function of the scleral venous sinus?

To reabsorb aqueous humor

What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane?

To transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles

Which is an example of a general sense?

Touch

What is the primary function of a sensory receptor?

Transduction

What is the function of the middle ear?

Transmit sound waves to the inner ear

True or false: Constriction of the pupil minimizes the blurring of an image by screening out the peripheral light rays.

True

True or false: Inverted images are focused onto the retina by the lens.

True

True or false: Lower firing rates of inner hair cells in narrower bands of the cochlea will be interpret by the brain as a softer sound.

True

True or false: Molecules must first be dissolved in the saliva to be tasted.

True

True or false: Most somatosensory projection pathways decussate.

True

True or false: Olfactory cells become activated through a second messenger system.

True

True or false: Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.

True

True or false: The macula utriculi are oriented horizontally on the floor of the utricle.

True

Foliate

Two parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue

The scala _____ is the most inferior chamber of the spiral organ.

Tympani

What is the anatomical name for the eardrum?

Tympanic membrane

Which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles?

Tympanic membrane

Where are the olfactory tracts located?

Underneath the frontal lobe

Where is the olfactory mucosa located?

Upper region of the nasal cavity

Which type of lingual papillae contain up to half of all taste buds and are arranged in a V towards the rear of the tongue?

Vallate papillae

The choroid, ciliary body, and iris belong to which of the three tunics of the eye?

Vascular

The ciliary body is part of which tunic of the eye?

Vascular

The _____ membrane separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli.

Vestibular

The _____ nuclei, which are located on either side of the pons and medulla oblongata, receive input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.

Vestibular

Together, the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts comprise which of the following?

Vestibular apparatus

The cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve come together to form which cranial nerve?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Sound is produced by which of the following?

Vibrating objects pushing against air molecules

Lingual papillae

Visible bumps on the tongue, some of which contain taste buds

Which term refers to a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light?

Visual pigment

The _____ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

Vitreous

The duplicity theory of vision holds that a single receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. What does this theory explain?

Why we have both rods and cones

Where are tarsal glands located?

Within a tarsal plate

Hair receptors ______.

adapt quickly

The _____ tube is a flattened tube which, when opened by actions such as yawning or swallowing, equalizes pressure in the tympanic cavity.

auditory

_____ cells are first-order retinal neurons that synapse with photoreceptors.

bipolar

Alkaloids

bitter

Ear ossicles are tiny ______.

bones

Earwax, also called _____ , is a protective, sticky secretion of ear canal glands. It waterproofs the ear canal and inhibits bacterial growth.

cerumen

tunica vasculosa

choroid, ciliary body, iris

Which are the photoreceptors that are primarily responsible for photopic (day) and trichromatic (color) vision?

cone

Pain from arthritis is a type of ______ pain.

deep somatic

The term _____ refers to a relaxed state in which the eyes are focused on far away objects.

emmetropia

When eyes are focusing on far away objects, they are in which state?

emmetropia

_____ cells and amacrine cells form horizontal connections between rods, cones, and bipolar cells.

horizontal

The ______ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance.

inner

What are the names of the auditory ossicles?

malleus, incus, stapes

Most encapsulated nerve endings are ______.

mechanoreceptors

The olfactory _____ in the nasal cavity contains the olfactory receptors.

mucosa

The lacrimal apparatus drains tears into the ______.

nasal cavity

Olfactory cells are a type of what?

neuron

The sense of smell is also known as ______.

olfaction

When olfactory fibers pass through the roof of the nose, they directly enter the ______.

olfactory bulbs

The ______ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion.

otolithic

The ______ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to make the IHCs more responsive to certain pitches of sound.

outer

While hearing is primarily a function of the _____ inner hair cells, cochlear tuning is a function of the hair cells.

outer

_____ is a sensory modality mediated by specialized receptors called nociceptors.

pain

Tactile corpuscles are most abundant on the ______.

palm of the hand

_____ is the visual pigment present in cones.

photopsin

Which type of receptor responds to light?

photoreceptor

The taste hairs of taste cells project into small openings in the epithelium of the tongue where they come into contact with saliva mixed with bits of dissolved food. These small pits are called taste _____ .

pores

The position and movements of body parts is detected by receptors called ______.

proprioceptors

The _____ is the opening within the iris of the eye.

pupil

Which part of the eye forms from a cup-shaped outgrowth of the diencephalon and is actually considered part of the brain?

retina

tunica interna

retina and beginning of optic nerve

What are the neural components of the eye?

retina and optic nerve

Sodium

salty

tunica fibrosa

sclera and cornea

The ______ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements (angular acceleration).

semicircular

The retina is attached to the eye at the optic disc and at the ora _____ .

serrata

Red-green color blindness is a(n) _____ -linked recessive trait.

sex

Which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body?

somatosensory senses -general senses -somesthetic senses

protons

sour

What are the five primary taste sensations?

sour, sweet, umami, bitter, salty

The _____ ligament attaches the lens of the eye to the ciliary body.

suspensory

Sugars

sweet

The olfactory ______ carry sensory information from the olfactory bulbs to the primary olfactory cortex.

tracts

True or false: Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.

true

True or false: The pigment epithelium of the retina is a darkly pigmented layer that absorbs stray light.

true

The five primary taste sensations are: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and _____ .

umami

gluatamate

umami

Name the two chambers of the vestibule.

utricle and saccule

The vascular layer of the eye is also called the ______.

uvea

The choroid is ______.

very vascular

The ______ nerve carries information to the vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata.

vestibular

Which cranial nerves carry pain-related signals? Select four from the list below.

- Vagus (X) - Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Trigeminal (V)

What are the characteristics of a phasic receptor? Select all that apply.

-Adapts quickly to a stimulus -Produces a quick burst of action potentials

What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus?

-How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -Which sensory neurons respond -How many sensory neurons respond

Which types of sensory receptors are encapsulated nerve endings?

-Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -End bulbs -Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

Which sensory modalities involve the activation of tactile (Merkel) discs?

-Light Touch -Texture

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are abundant in which of the following areas?

-Nipples -Palms -Fingertips

Which are examples of somatosensory (general) senses?

-Stretch -Touch -Pain -Pressure

Which are examples of sensory modality?

-Vison -Taste -Hearing

Which are tonic receptors that detect deep pressure, stretching of the skin, and joint movement?

-bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

Which sensations result primarily from the activation of exteroceptors?

-cutaneous sensations -hearing -vision

Which types of sensation depend on the activation of mechanoreceptors?

-hearing -vibration -touch -balance

Where are lamellar corpuscles located?

-periosteum of bones -joints capsules -deep in the dermis -pancreas

Which types of stimuli are detected by end bulbs?

-texture -light touch

Which are examples of special senses?

-vision -smell -equilibrium

Which cells of a taste bud are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died?

Basal cells

What is the functional role of endogenous opioids such as endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins?

Block transmission of pain signals

The taste _____ are found mainly on the lingual papillae and contain the sensory receptors for taste.

Buds

How does the brain determine the location of a stimulus?

By which axons send the signal to the CNS

Which region of the midbrain plays an important role in modulating the transmission of pain signals?

Central gray matter

Which term refers to how long a stimulus lasts?

Duration

Which tactile receptors are located in the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, in conjunctiva of the anterior surface of the eye, and the epineurium of large nerves?

End bulbs (Krause corpuscles)

Which are phasic receptors that detect vibration?

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

Which type of receptor is involved in the sensation of pain?

Nociceptor

Which term refers to any structure specialized to detect a stimulus?

Receptor

Which of these tracts is part of the descending analgesic pathway?

Reticulospinal tract

What is gustation?

Sense of taste

After spraying perfume on her neck, Tasha becomes less aware of the scent over time. What property is this describing?

Sensory adaptation

______ is the conversion of one form of energy to another. In biology, it is used to describe the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in the nervous system.

Transduction

_____ corpuscles consist of flattened elongated capsules specialized for detecting heavy touch, stretching of the skin and joint movement.

bulbous

Which are tonic receptors?

-Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs

Which types of sensory receptors consist of free nerve endings?

-Cold Receptors -Nociceptors -Warm receptors

Which types of encapsulated nerve endings detect light touch and help distinguish different textures?

-End Bulbs (Krause copuscles) -Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles

What are the characteristics of a tonic receptor? Select all that apply.

-Produces a steady, prolonged response -Adapts slowly to a stimulus

Somatic pain matches

Choice, Pain arising from skin, muscles, and joints Pain arising from skin, muscles, and joints

Fast (first) pain matches

Choice, Sharp, localized pain that occurs at the time of injury Sharp, localized pain that occurs at the time of injury

Which of these mechanoreceptors detect deep vibration?

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

The visible bumps on the tongue are not taste buds, but instead are called _____ papillae.

Lingual

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a small, local change in membrane potential called a(n) _____ potential.

Receptor

Which term refers to a local, stimulus-induced change in the membrane potential of a receptor cell?

Receptor potential

Basal cells

Stem cells that give rise to new taste cells

True or false: The brain may distinguish between stimulus intensities based on which sensory neurons are firing.

True

Vision is a ______ sense.

special