Chapter 16:
Which describe the conjunctiva?
-A mucus membrane - A thin transparent membrane -Highly vascularized
Which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors on taste hairs?
-Alkaloids -Sugars -Glutamate
Equilibrium refers to perception of which of the following? Choose three of the options below.
-Balance -Orientation in space -corrdination
Which sensations result from activation of interoceptors?
-Bladder pressure -Visceral pain
What are the effects of light exposure on the retina?
-Cis-retinal is converted to trans isoform. -Rods decrease rate of glutamate release onto bipolar cells.
Which cranial nerves are involved in collecting sensory information from taste buds? Choose three from the list below.
-Glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) -Facial (cranial nerve VII) Vagus (cranial nerve X)
Which sensory modalities are mediated by inner ear structures?
-Hearing -Balance
Name the two cell types that function primarily to enhance the perception of the edges of objects, contrast and light intensity in the retina?
-Horizontal Cells -Amacrine Cells
Cerumen does which of the following?
-Keeps the tympanic membrane pilable -inhibits bacterial growth -waterproof the ear canal
The vestibular nerves lead to four vestibular nuclei that are located in which regions of the brainstem? Select two of the following structures.
-Pons -Medulla oblongata
What are the two moieties of rhodopsin?
-Retinal -Opsin
What are the effects of light exposure on rhodopsin?
-Retinal and opsin separation -Cis-retinal converted to trans isoform
Which are types of photoreceptor cells?
-Rods -Cones
Maculae are found in which parts of the inner ear? Select two answers from the list below.
-Saccule -Uticle
Which cochlear chambers contain perilymph?
-Scala tympani -Scala vestibuli
Which structures are part of the outer, fibrous layer of the eyeball?
-Sclera -Cornea
The inner layer of the eye contains which of the following?
-Start of optic nerve -Retina
What are the components of the vestibular apparatus? Choose three answers from the list below.
-Utricle -Saccule -Semicircular ducts
Which processes help focus an image on the retina during the near response?
-accommodation of the lens -convergence of the eyes -constrictoin of the pupil
Which structures are part of the vascular layer of the eyeball?
-ciliary body -choroid -iris
Which describe the choroid?
-highly pigmented -contains numerous capillaries -part of the vascular tunic (layer)
Which are extrinsic eye muscles?
-inferior rectus -superior rectus -lateral rectus -inferior oblique -medical rectus -superior oblique
Which are functions of the vitreous body?
-keeps retina smooth -maintains intraocular pressure
List the components of the lacrimal apparatus.
-lacrimal gland -lacrimal ducts
Although human ears can detect frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz, they are most sensitive to frequencies within which range?
1,500 to 5,000 Hz
What is the range of frequencies within which humans can hear relatively soft (low energy) sounds?
1,500 to 5,000 Hz
Put the components of the visual projection pathway in order starting with the retina and ending with the brain.
1. Bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina 2. Hemidecussation in optic chiasm 3. Optic tracts 4. Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5. Optic radiations 6. Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Trace the auditory projection pathway from start to finish by placing these structures in order, starting with the nerve leaving the inner ear.
1. Cochlear nerve 2. Cochlear nuclei of medulla 3. inferior colliculi 4. thalamus 5. primary auditory cortex
Which is associated with a louder sound?
1. Higher firing frequency of axons in the cochlear nerve 2. Greater number of hair cells excited 3. More vigorous vibration of the basilar membrane
List the ossicles of the middle ear in order, starting with the ossicle closest to the tympanic membrane.
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
Place the following events in the correct order starting with what happens first.
1. Odorant molecules bind to G-protein coupled receptors on some olfactory hairs 2. Activation of cAMP second messenger system inside olfactory cells 3. Ion channels open in the olfactory cells' membranes 4. Influx of cations depolarize olfactory cells 5. Action potentials travel down the olfactory nerve.
Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells.
1. Oval window vibrates. 2. pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli 3. basilar membrane moves up and down. 4. inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane. 5. stereocilia bend and tp-link proteins open K+ channels. 6. k+ ions enter hair cell causing depolarization.
Put the following events in order to describe how the semicircular canals detect angular acceleration. Start with rotation of the semicircular canals.
1. Rotation of semicircular canals 2. endolymph pushes against cupula 3. Sterocilia bend 4. hair cells depolarize 5. Action potentials travel down vestibule nerve
List the steps (in order) involved in detecting a change in static equilibrium.
1. Tilt of the head 2. Shift of otolithic membrane 3. bending of stereocilia 4. Depolarization of hair cells
Rank the types of lingual papillae according to how many taste buds they contain. Start with those that contain the highest number of taste buds per papillae, and end with those that do not contain any taste buds.
1. Vallate papillae 2. Fungiform papillae 3. Foliate papillae 4. Filiform papillae
Put the following events in order the describe the effects of light exposure on the retina. Start with rhodopsin absorbing light, and finish with ganglion cells firing action potentials.
1.Rhodspsin absorbs light 2. Cis-retinal isomerizes to trans-retinal. 3. Opsin triggers signaling cascade in outer segment of rod cells 4. Glutamate release from rod cells decreases. 5. Bipolar cells detect changes in gluatamate release. 5. Ganglion cells fire action potentials.
A pain signal arising from the head must travel along how many neurons before reaching the brain?
3
How many neurons make up most somatosensory projection pathways?
3
Most human color vision is based upon comparing signals generated by how many types of cones?
3
Unlike in most other sensory projection pathways, auditory signals must travel along how many neurons before they reach the cortex?
4
What wavelengths of light are visible to the human eye?
400-700 nm
What is the cupula?
A gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells
Which describes the optic disc?
An area of the retina lacking photoreceptors
Which term refers to a substance or mechanism that has pain-relieving properties?
Analgesic
What fluid is secreted by the ciliary body?
Aqueous humor
What is a receptive field?
Area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus
Which is also known as the external acoustic meatus?
Auditory canal
Which is located in the middle ear?
Auditory ossicles
Infections of the throat may be transmitted to the middle ear via which of the following?
Auditory tube
Which structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?
Auditory tube
The _____ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani.
Basilar
The cochlea detects differences in the pitch of sound because different frequencies vibrate different areas along which of the following?
Basilar membrane
Which term refers to the comparison of signals from both the right and left ears to localize the source of a sound?
Binaural hearing
Which type of retinal cell synapses with the photoreceptors and functions as a first order neuron in the visual pathway?
Bipolar cells
Which term refers to the transformation of cis-retinal to trans-retinal after absorption of light?
Bleaching
The _____ is a highly vascular, deeply pigmented portion of the vascular tunic located behind the retina.
Choroid
What are olfactory hairs?
Cilia on olfactory cells that have receptors for odor molecules
The _____ body is an extension of the choroid that supports the iris and lens of the eye.
Ciliary
The suspensory ligament attaches the lens to which of the following structures?
Ciliary body
Which structure secretes the aqueous humor?
Ciliary body
Taste buds
Clusters of taste cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
The axons of bipolar sensory neurons leave the spiral organ to form which nerve?
Cochlear
Which genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one or more photopsins?
Color blindness
Which type of photoreceptor is primarily responsible for photopic (day) vision and trichromatic (color) vision?
Cone cell
Photopsin
Cones
The _____ is a thin transparent membrane covering the eyeball and the inner surface of the eyelids.
Conjunctiva
Describe the function of the spiral organ.
Converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses
Astigmatism may result from an irregularity in which of the following structures?
Cornea
The _____ is the translucent anterior section of the fibrous layer (tunic) of the eye.
Cornea
The anterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures?
Cornea and iris
The _____ ampullaris is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampulla of a semicircular canal.
Crista
Which term refers to the mound of hair cells and supporting cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts?
Crista ampullaris
Which term refers to the gelatinous cap surrounding the stereocilia and kinocilium of the hair cells within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts?
Cupula
The loudness of a sound is expressed in which of the following units?
Decibels (dB)
What occurs when outer hair cells of the spiral organ are stimulated by motor neurons from the pons?
Decreased mobility of the basilar membrane
Stereoscopic vision provides for which of the following?
Depth perception
By definition, _____ is double vision resulting from failure of convergence.
Diplopia
Failed convergence of the eyes produces double-vision, also known as which of the following?
Diplopia
Slow (second) pain matches
Dull, diffuse pain that occurs immediately following injury
Which term refers specifically to the perception of acceleration?
Dynamic equilibrium
Vision is the perception of which of the following?
Electromagnetic radiation
Which fluid fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
Endolymph
Which term refers to coordination, balance, and orientation in three-dimensional space?
Equilibrium
The vestibule contains receptors for which sensory modality?
Equilibrium (balance)
True or false: All sensory signals are consciously perceived.
False
True or false: As we age, the near point of vision decreases.
False
True or false: If a bright light was flashed into the right eye, only the pupil of the right eye would constrict.
False
True or false: Sensory receptors are composed of sensory organs.
False
True or false: The auditory ossicles provide mechanical advantage and amplify the sound.
False
Hyperopia
Farsightedness
Which type of pain usually occurs first in an injury?
Fast pain
Which term refers to the outermost layer of the eyeball?
Fibrous
Which type of lingual papillae do not contain taste buds?
Filiform papillae
Which type of lingual papillae is most abundant?
Filiform papillae
Which type of lingual papillae is responsible for giving cats' tongues their rough, sandpaper-like feel?
Filiform papillae
Which type of lingual papillae are weakly developed in humans and lose most of their taste buds by age 2 or 3 years?
Foliate papillae
Which type of lingual papillae form parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue?
Foliate papillae
Which portion of the retina produces the greatest visual acuity (sharpness of image)?
Fovea centralis
Which term refers to unencapsulated nerve endings that act as temperature receptors (warm and cold), and nociceptors (pain)?
Free nerve endings
The pitch of a sound is determined by which aspect of the vibration producing it?
Frequency
Which type of lingual papillae are most concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue?
Fungiform papillae
Which type of lingual papillae contain about three taste buds per papillae?
Fungiform papillae
Melanopsin
Ganglion Cells
Which type of retinal cells function as second-order neurons in the visual pathway, as well as occasionally functioning as photoreceptors?
Ganglion cell
The axons of which retinal cells form the optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
Which term refers to the sensation of taste?
Gustation
Which act as sensory receptors within the utricle and saccule?
Hair cells
Which serves as the sensory receptors in the semicircular ducts?
Hair cells
How many fibers of the optic nerve cross over at the optic chiasm?
Half of them
The cochlea contains receptors for which sense?
Hearing
Higher pitched sounds (more treble) are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?
Higher frequencies
Which term refers to difficulty in viewing nearby objects?
Hyperopia
Which regions of the brain receive taste information and in turn activate autonomic reflexes related to food, such as salivating, gagging, and vomiting?
Hypothalamus and amygdala
astigmatism
Inability to simultaneously facus on light rays that enter the eye on different planes
Activation of descending analgesic pathways will result in which of the following?
Increased release of enkephalins by spinal interneurons
The retina is part of which tunic of the eyeball?
Inner
Pressure waves are transduced into neural signals in which section of the ear?
Inner ear
The orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for which of the following?
Integrating different types of sensory information into an overall perception of flavor
Which layer of the eyeball includes the retina?
Internal
The colored portion of the eye surrounding the pupil is called the _____ .
Iris
The posterior chamber of the eye is located between which two structures?
Iris and lens
What happens when the retinal moiety of rhodopsin absorbs light?
It becomes all-trans retinal.
Which statement about the pupillary dilator is true?
It consists of a spoke-like arrangement of myoepithelial cells.
What is the function of the tympanic reflex?
It muffles the transfer of vibrations to the oval window in order to protect the hair cells of the inner ear from very loud noises.
Which statement about the pupillary constrictor is true?
It narrows the pupil.
Why does constriction of the pupil facilitate focusing on nearby objects?
It reduces spherical aberration.
vallate
Large circular bumps that form a V towards the back of the tongue
Louder sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?
Larger amplitudes
Which extrinsic eye muscle moves the eyeball laterally?
Lateral rectus
Which structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?
Lens
The vitreous body, or humor, is a jelly-like substance located between what two structures of the eye?
Lens and retina
The visual adjustment that is made when you go from a dark or dimly lit area to a brighter area is called _____ adaptation.
Light
Which term refers to the brain's ability to determine the site of stimulation?
Location
Which term refers to a bactericidal enzyme found in tears and other body secretions?
Lysozyme
Which term refers to a patch of cells in the center of the retina?
Macula lutea
Which term refers to the patch of hair cells and supporting cells positioned vertically on the wall of the saccule?
Macula sacculi
Which term refers to patches of sensory epithelium within the utricle and saccule?
Maculae
Supporting cells
Mature cells within a taste bud that do not play a role in gustation
Which type of receptor detects touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration?
Mechanoreceptor
Which type of cone contains a photopsin that is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of light around 531 nm?
Medium-wavelength cones
The bony labyrinth of the inner ear is lined with a series of fleshy tubes called the _____ labyrinth.
Membranous
Which section of the ear runs from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window of the cochlea?
Middle ear
Which term refers to the type of stimulus or sensation produced when a sensory receptor is activated?
Modality
The central pillar of bone within the cochlea of the inner ear is called the _____ .
Modiolus
Which term refers to the central pillar of spongy bone which supports the cochlea of the inner ear?
Modiolus
Proprioceptors respond to which type of stimuli?
Movements or changes in body position
Fungiform
Mushroom-shaped bumps concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue
Nociceptors that give rise to the sensation of fast pain are characterized by which of the following?
Myelinated axons
Which term refers to difficulty in viewing distant objects?
Myopia
What is the distal most portion of the lacrimal apparatus from the lacrimal gland?
Nasolacrimal duct
The _____ point of vision refers to the closest an object can be to the eyes and still be focused.
Near
The term "_____ response" refers to the processes involved in focusing on close objects.
Near
Myopia
Nearsightedness
Which type of secretion from the tarsal glands coats the eye and reduces evaporation?
Oil
The retina is examined with an instrument called a(n) _____ which illuminates and magnifies the retina.
Ophthalmoscope
Which instrument is used to examine the retina?
Ophthalmoscope
Where does hemidecussation occurs in the visual projection pathway?
Optic chiasm
Which area of the retina lacks photoreceptors and is therefore referred to as the "blind spot"?
Optic disc
The area of the brain responsible for creating an overall impression of food by integrating taste, smell and visual input is the area of the cerebral cortex called the _____ cortex.
Orbitofrontal
Which membrane is found in the maculae of the saccule and utricle?
Otolithic
The sclera is part of which tunic of the eyeball?
Outer
The beginning of the inner ear is a membrane-covered opening called which of the following?
Oval window
Which is an opening between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear?
Oval window
Which can be defined as discomfort resulting from tissue damage or exposure to noxious stimuli?
Pain
Visceral pain matches
Pain arising from internal organs
The term referred pain specifically refers to which of the following?
Pain that originates in the viscera, but which seems to come from the skin
The pupillary constrictor muscle is under direct control of which branch of the nervous system?
Parasympathetic
Which fluid serves as a cushion between the bony and membranous labyrinths?
Perilymph
Which term is another name for hair receptors?
Peritrichial endings
The _____ reflex refers to the ability of the pupil to respond to the intensity of light.
Photopupillary
Rods and cones are examples of which of the following?
Photoreceptor cells
Rhodopsin is an example of a visual _____ , a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light.
Pigment
The _____ epithelium of the retina absorbs stray light.
Pigmented
Which term refers to the reduced ability to accommodate for near vision that commonly occurs with aging?
Presbyopia
Which term refers to the area within which a single sensory neuron is able to detect a stimulus?
Receptive field
presbyopia
Reduced ability to accommodate for near vision with age
During a heart attack, people often experience pain in their shoulder even though the pain is being triggered by ischemia (lack of oxygen) in the heart muscle. Which type of pain does this describe?
Referred pain
As light passes through different mediums, its path will bend. What is this called?
Refraction
Which term refers to the bending of light rays as they pass through objects of different density?
Refraction
The ora serrata is the scalloped margin of which structure?
Retina
Which structure contains photoreceptors?
Retina
Name the visual pigment present in rods.
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
Rods
Which are the photoreceptor cells responsible for night vision?
Rods
Which type of photoreceptor cells demonstrate extensive neural convergence resulting in spatial summation, useful for low light vision?
Rods
Which type of stimulus will maximally activate the sensory receptors within the semicircular ducts?
Rotational motion
Which cochlear chamber is the most superior?
Scala vestibuli
Which term refers to the posterior, white portion of the fibrous layer?
Sclera
Aqueous humor is reabsorbed from the anterior chamber into the blood by which of the following?
Scleral venous sinus
Rod cells are primarily responsible for which type of vision?
Scotopic
Which term refers to the conscious perception of a stimulus?
Sensation
What is olfaction?
Sense of smell
Taste cells
Sensory cells that detect tastants
An electrical signal generated in the retina travels along a specific pathway in the nervous system to reach the visual cortex in the brain. Which term describes that pathway?
Sensory projection pathway
Which would be true about a person with only one eye?
She would have impaired stereoscopic vision.
Where are free nerve endings most abundant?
Skin and mucous membranes
Taste pore
Small pits in the epithelium of the tongue into which taste hairs project
Softer (quieter) sounds are caused by vibrations with which of the following characteristics?
Smaller amplitudes
Which term refers to any audible vibration of molecules?
Sound
Senses in which of the following categories utilize receptors that are specific to a particular area of the body?
Special senses
Which tract is part of the pathway responsible for eliciting emotional pain responses (e.g. fear and nausea)?
Spinoreticular tract
Which neural pathway is the primary projection pathway for pain signals arising from below the neck?
Spinothalamic tract
The acoustic organ, also known as the _____ organ, transduces airborne vibrations into neural signals.
Spiral
Which term refers to the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary?
Static equilibrium
What are the "hairs" on the hair cells of the spiral organ?
Stereocilia
What is presbyopia?
Stiffening of the lens with age resulting in reduced ability to accommodate for near vision
Which extrinsic eye muscle passes through the trochlea?
Superior oblique
The myoepithelial cells within the pupillary dilator are innervated by which branch of the nervous system?
Sympathetic
Which are specialized to detect textures, edges and shapes?
Tactile (Merkel) discs
Which structure secretes an oil that reduces tear evaporation?
Tarsal gland
The auditory canal is a passageway through which bone?
Temporal
Which cranial bone contains the bony labyrinth?
Temporal
Which structure secretes endogenous opioids?
The brain
What is sensory adaptation?
The decrease in perceived sensation over time
Relative to high frequency vibrations, lower frequency vibrations cause which of the following?
The distal end of the basilar membrane to vibrate more than the proximal end
Binaural hearing allows you to compare the signals coming from the right and left ears in order to determine which of the following?
The location of the sound's source
What is a sensory projection pathway?
The neural pathway followed by sensory signals on their way to the brain
Which structure in the gustatory pathway relays signals to the primary gustatory cortex?
The thalamus
Which type of receptor is specialized to respond to hot and cold stimuli?
Thermoreceptor
What role do odorant binding proteins play in olfaction?
They transport hydrophobic odorants through the mucus that coats the olfactory epithelium.
Filiform
Tiny spikes found mostly on the middle of the tongue
What types of stimuli activate nociceptors?
Tissue damage, potentially damaging stimuli
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
To produce and drain tears
What is the function of the scleral venous sinus?
To reabsorb aqueous humor
What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane?
To transmit sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles
Which is an example of a general sense?
Touch
What is the primary function of a sensory receptor?
Transduction
What is the function of the middle ear?
Transmit sound waves to the inner ear
True or false: Constriction of the pupil minimizes the blurring of an image by screening out the peripheral light rays.
True
True or false: Inverted images are focused onto the retina by the lens.
True
True or false: Lower firing rates of inner hair cells in narrower bands of the cochlea will be interpret by the brain as a softer sound.
True
True or false: Molecules must first be dissolved in the saliva to be tasted.
True
True or false: Most somatosensory projection pathways decussate.
True
True or false: Olfactory cells become activated through a second messenger system.
True
True or false: Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.
True
True or false: The macula utriculi are oriented horizontally on the floor of the utricle.
True
Foliate
Two parallel ridges on the sides of the tongue
The scala _____ is the most inferior chamber of the spiral organ.
Tympani
What is the anatomical name for the eardrum?
Tympanic membrane
Which structure transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles?
Tympanic membrane
Where are the olfactory tracts located?
Underneath the frontal lobe
Where is the olfactory mucosa located?
Upper region of the nasal cavity
Which type of lingual papillae contain up to half of all taste buds and are arranged in a V towards the rear of the tongue?
Vallate papillae
The choroid, ciliary body, and iris belong to which of the three tunics of the eye?
Vascular
The ciliary body is part of which tunic of the eye?
Vascular
The _____ membrane separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli.
Vestibular
The _____ nuclei, which are located on either side of the pons and medulla oblongata, receive input from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.
Vestibular
Together, the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts comprise which of the following?
Vestibular apparatus
The cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve come together to form which cranial nerve?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Sound is produced by which of the following?
Vibrating objects pushing against air molecules
Lingual papillae
Visible bumps on the tongue, some of which contain taste buds
Which term refers to a molecule that plays a crucial role in visual transduction by changing shape when it absorbs certain wavelengths of light?
Visual pigment
The _____ body is a jelly-like substance located between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.
Vitreous
The duplicity theory of vision holds that a single receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. What does this theory explain?
Why we have both rods and cones
Where are tarsal glands located?
Within a tarsal plate
Hair receptors ______.
adapt quickly
The _____ tube is a flattened tube which, when opened by actions such as yawning or swallowing, equalizes pressure in the tympanic cavity.
auditory
_____ cells are first-order retinal neurons that synapse with photoreceptors.
bipolar
Alkaloids
bitter
Ear ossicles are tiny ______.
bones
Earwax, also called _____ , is a protective, sticky secretion of ear canal glands. It waterproofs the ear canal and inhibits bacterial growth.
cerumen
tunica vasculosa
choroid, ciliary body, iris
Which are the photoreceptors that are primarily responsible for photopic (day) and trichromatic (color) vision?
cone
Pain from arthritis is a type of ______ pain.
deep somatic
The term _____ refers to a relaxed state in which the eyes are focused on far away objects.
emmetropia
When eyes are focusing on far away objects, they are in which state?
emmetropia
_____ cells and amacrine cells form horizontal connections between rods, cones, and bipolar cells.
horizontal
The ______ ear consists of the cochlea and the vestibule which are organs important for the senses of hearing and balance.
inner
What are the names of the auditory ossicles?
malleus, incus, stapes
Most encapsulated nerve endings are ______.
mechanoreceptors
The olfactory _____ in the nasal cavity contains the olfactory receptors.
mucosa
The lacrimal apparatus drains tears into the ______.
nasal cavity
Olfactory cells are a type of what?
neuron
The sense of smell is also known as ______.
olfaction
When olfactory fibers pass through the roof of the nose, they directly enter the ______.
olfactory bulbs
The ______ membranes of the maculae sacculi and utriculi are important in sensing gravity and motion.
otolithic
The ______ hair cells of the spiral organ adjust the response of the cochlea to make the IHCs more responsive to certain pitches of sound.
outer
While hearing is primarily a function of the _____ inner hair cells, cochlear tuning is a function of the hair cells.
outer
_____ is a sensory modality mediated by specialized receptors called nociceptors.
pain
Tactile corpuscles are most abundant on the ______.
palm of the hand
_____ is the visual pigment present in cones.
photopsin
Which type of receptor responds to light?
photoreceptor
The taste hairs of taste cells project into small openings in the epithelium of the tongue where they come into contact with saliva mixed with bits of dissolved food. These small pits are called taste _____ .
pores
The position and movements of body parts is detected by receptors called ______.
proprioceptors
The _____ is the opening within the iris of the eye.
pupil
Which part of the eye forms from a cup-shaped outgrowth of the diencephalon and is actually considered part of the brain?
retina
tunica interna
retina and beginning of optic nerve
What are the neural components of the eye?
retina and optic nerve
Sodium
salty
tunica fibrosa
sclera and cornea
The ______ ducts of the inner ear are specialized to detect rotational head movements (angular acceleration).
semicircular
The retina is attached to the eye at the optic disc and at the ora _____ .
serrata
Red-green color blindness is a(n) _____ -linked recessive trait.
sex
Which three terms refer to all the senses that utilize receptors widely distributed throughout the body?
somatosensory senses -general senses -somesthetic senses
protons
sour
What are the five primary taste sensations?
sour, sweet, umami, bitter, salty
The _____ ligament attaches the lens of the eye to the ciliary body.
suspensory
Sugars
sweet
The olfactory ______ carry sensory information from the olfactory bulbs to the primary olfactory cortex.
tracts
True or false: Sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.
true
True or false: The pigment epithelium of the retina is a darkly pigmented layer that absorbs stray light.
true
The five primary taste sensations are: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and _____ .
umami
gluatamate
umami
Name the two chambers of the vestibule.
utricle and saccule
The vascular layer of the eye is also called the ______.
uvea
The choroid is ______.
very vascular
The ______ nerve carries information to the vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata.
vestibular
Which cranial nerves carry pain-related signals? Select four from the list below.
- Vagus (X) - Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Trigeminal (V)
What are the characteristics of a phasic receptor? Select all that apply.
-Adapts quickly to a stimulus -Produces a quick burst of action potentials
What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus?
-How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -Which sensory neurons respond -How many sensory neurons respond
Which types of sensory receptors are encapsulated nerve endings?
-Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles -End bulbs -Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles -Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles
Which sensory modalities involve the activation of tactile (Merkel) discs?
-Light Touch -Texture
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles are abundant in which of the following areas?
-Nipples -Palms -Fingertips
Which are examples of somatosensory (general) senses?
-Stretch -Touch -Pain -Pressure
Which are examples of sensory modality?
-Vison -Taste -Hearing
Which are tonic receptors that detect deep pressure, stretching of the skin, and joint movement?
-bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles
Which sensations result primarily from the activation of exteroceptors?
-cutaneous sensations -hearing -vision
Which types of sensation depend on the activation of mechanoreceptors?
-hearing -vibration -touch -balance
Where are lamellar corpuscles located?
-periosteum of bones -joints capsules -deep in the dermis -pancreas
Which types of stimuli are detected by end bulbs?
-texture -light touch
Which are examples of special senses?
-vision -smell -equilibrium
Which cells of a taste bud are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died?
Basal cells
What is the functional role of endogenous opioids such as endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins?
Block transmission of pain signals
The taste _____ are found mainly on the lingual papillae and contain the sensory receptors for taste.
Buds
How does the brain determine the location of a stimulus?
By which axons send the signal to the CNS
Which region of the midbrain plays an important role in modulating the transmission of pain signals?
Central gray matter
Which term refers to how long a stimulus lasts?
Duration
Which tactile receptors are located in the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, in conjunctiva of the anterior surface of the eye, and the epineurium of large nerves?
End bulbs (Krause corpuscles)
Which are phasic receptors that detect vibration?
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
Which type of receptor is involved in the sensation of pain?
Nociceptor
Which term refers to any structure specialized to detect a stimulus?
Receptor
Which of these tracts is part of the descending analgesic pathway?
Reticulospinal tract
What is gustation?
Sense of taste
After spraying perfume on her neck, Tasha becomes less aware of the scent over time. What property is this describing?
Sensory adaptation
______ is the conversion of one form of energy to another. In biology, it is used to describe the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in the nervous system.
Transduction
_____ corpuscles consist of flattened elongated capsules specialized for detecting heavy touch, stretching of the skin and joint movement.
bulbous
Which are tonic receptors?
-Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles -Tactile (Merkel) discs
Which types of sensory receptors consist of free nerve endings?
-Cold Receptors -Nociceptors -Warm receptors
Which types of encapsulated nerve endings detect light touch and help distinguish different textures?
-End Bulbs (Krause copuscles) -Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles
What are the characteristics of a tonic receptor? Select all that apply.
-Produces a steady, prolonged response -Adapts slowly to a stimulus
Somatic pain matches
Choice, Pain arising from skin, muscles, and joints Pain arising from skin, muscles, and joints
Fast (first) pain matches
Choice, Sharp, localized pain that occurs at the time of injury Sharp, localized pain that occurs at the time of injury
Which of these mechanoreceptors detect deep vibration?
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
The visible bumps on the tongue are not taste buds, but instead are called _____ papillae.
Lingual
The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a small, local change in membrane potential called a(n) _____ potential.
Receptor
Which term refers to a local, stimulus-induced change in the membrane potential of a receptor cell?
Receptor potential
Basal cells
Stem cells that give rise to new taste cells
True or false: The brain may distinguish between stimulus intensities based on which sensory neurons are firing.
True
Vision is a ______ sense.
special