Chapter 16 & 17 Give Me Liberty

"new immigrants"

Americans who entered the US coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. Described as being members of a distinct race.

Thomas Edison

Born in Ohio in 1847 had little formal education, Helped establish many industries and inventions such as the phonograph, lightbulb, motion picture and system for generating and distributing electricity

What Indian chief said, "If the white man wants to live in peace with the Indian he can live in peace. There need be no trouble. Treat all men alike. Give them the same law. Give them all and even chance to live and grow"?

Chief Joseph.

"yellow press"

Idea started by Will Hearts, that would sensitize stories to make them desirable to the masses of people. Used by the press to start a war when the USS Maine blew up.

Middle Border

States of Minnesota, Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas. During the late 1800s a new agricultural empire making wheat and corn was founded here.

settler societies

What countries like Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA become known as. Due to the fact that many oversees immigrants quickly outnumbered the locals and even displaced them.

"test case"

When blacks in Louisiana were upset that there were separate train cars, they had Homer Plessy refuse to leave a white train car, and he was arrested, creating a supreme court.

The political "boss" of New York City in the early 1870s was

William Marcy Tweed.

May Day

A day with parades picnics and protests celebrated by organized labor.

Which of the following was John D. Rockefeller's Company?

Standard Oil Company.

The phrase that best captures the vision of the Knights of Labor is

"Cooperative commonwealth."

Which census revealed for the first time that there were more non-farming jobs than farming jobs in the United States?

1880.

William Jennings Bryan

1896 election candidate that was supported by both the Populists and Democrats. He was a 36 year old congressman from Nebraska. Called for the free coinage of silvery, or the unrestricted minting of silvery money. Was a follower of the Social Gospel

Lochner v. New York

1905 Supreme Court Case that ruled against the establishment of a ten hour per day or 60 hour per week working limit for Bakers. Majority said that law violated liberty and freedoms.

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 agreement between the United States and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration

Between 1870 in 1920, how many immigrants arrived from overseas?

25 million.

What was not true of the second industrial revolution?

A boom in automobile manufacture spurred the rise of oil, rubber, and steel production.

Knights of Labor

A labor organizing group. Organized many unskilled and skilled workers with people of all races and genders. Had 800,000 members in 1886 and had millions participate in Strikes. Led by Terence V. Powderly

"cross of gold" speech

A speech by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

The politics of Gilded Age America was said to be

A time of dishonesty and corruption in which corporations battled each other for special consideration by local state and federal governments.

Gold Standard Act

Act Signed by McKinley in 1900 saying that all paper money must be backed by gold at a fixed rate. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins in circulation and restricted paper money in circulation.

Ida B. Wells

Activist that argued against the Lynching of Sam Hose, saying that the Rape Allegations against him were false. She was chased out of town for what she said.

the Grange

Also called Patrons of Husbandry, were critics of the railroads. Wanted fair freight/train weights and fair warehouse charges created by national government. Had over 700,000 members. Was successful in getting some states to investigate and regulate rail prices.

A and P Stores

Also knowing as Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company. Was a nationwide Grocery Store.

What was not a key episode of the "great upheaval" of 1886?

America's first nationwide railroad strike.

AFL

American Federation of Labor. Founded by Sam Gompers. Believed that unions should devote themselves to fighting for higher wages and better working conditions. Restrained their membership to skilled workers.

Frank L. Baum.

Author of Wizard of Oz. His work is said to symbolize the election of 1896. Emerald City is DC, Wizards of Oz is McKinley, and the Yellow Brick Road (Color of Gold) represents the only way to get there. Wicked witches represent mine owners and industrialists.

Australian ballot

Ballot that would be cast in secret that was meant to protect voters privacy, and ensure illiterates couldn't vote. Adopted by several states during the late 1890s

Coxey's Army

Band of several hundred unemployed men who were angry about job market. Led by Jacob Coxey. Federal government sent in the military to break up this protest!

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Banned combinations and practices that restrained free trade. However its vague language made it difficult/impossible to enforce.

Sears and Roebuck

Based in Chicago was a mail order firm selling clothing, jewelry, farm equipment and other goods to rural families nationwide.

Social Darwinism

Based of idea Made in 1859 by British Scientist Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species. Stated that evolution was a process in human society also and that government must not interfere. Believed that efforts to improve working conditions were misguided.

Battle of Manila Bay

Battle that took place in Philippine Islands between US and Spain on May 1. Lead by Admiral George Dewey, the US defeated Spain. Was the First battle where American Soldiers were engaged in combat not in Western Hemisphere.

John D. Rockefeller

Began his career as a clerk for a Cleveland merchant and rose to dominate the oil industry. Founded Standard Oil Company. Through competition he drove out other companies and fixed prices. Used Horizontal Integration. Soon established a monopoly controlling 90 percent of the oil industry. Gave away most of his fortune. Fought unions

Social Gospel

Belief that called for support of poor people.

"cooperative commonwealth"

Book by Laurence Gronlund a lawyer who immigrated from Denmark. Promoted Socialism, idea that private control of economic enterprises should be replaced by government ownership to make distribution of profits fairer. Influential in West Europe, however not believed wildly in US because many believed access to individual property was freedom of US.

Nikola Tesla

Born in modern day Croatia, went to the US at age 28, and developed the electric motor using the alternating current.

"money question"

Bryand demanded for the use of Silver as the currency. He believed that this would raise the prices farmers received for their crops and make it easier for them to pay off their loans.

Tuskegee Institute

Built by Booker T Washington to educate training for jobs for blacks.

Mark Hanna

Campaign manager for William McKinely that helped him win by creating campaign posters, buttons and pamphlets that were seen nationwide.

Redeemers

Coalition of merchants, planters and business entrepreneurs that dominated the South's Politics after 1877, because they claimed they were saving the south from "Black Rule". Tried to undo reconstruction by cutting state budgets and closing hospitals. Black schools suffered. Led to convict labor

cowboys

Collection of Whites, Mexicans and Blacks who transported cattle across the Open Range. Become symbols of freedom, but were subject to low pay.

national brand

Companies that sold their products nationwide. Examples were Ivory Soap, and Quaker Oats. Spread nationwide around the time of industrial revolution

Pullman IL

Company owned town where railroad sleeping cars were manufactured. Called for a protest of low wages for workers. Members of American Railway Union protested their cars. President Cleveland ordered workers back to work.

International Harvester

Company that manufactured agricultural machinery.

What was not a focus of debate between Democrats and Republicans during the Gilded Age?

Federal income tax levels

Credit Mobilier

Corporation formed by inner ring of Union Pacific Railroads shareholders. Was used to Oversee companies government assisted construction. Allowed them to sign contracts with themselves making lots of money.

poll tax

Designed by southern states to prevent blacks from voting. Was a fee that people who intended to vote had to pay.

convict labor

Due to the redeemers creating laws that made it very easy to send people to jail, renting out of convicts became popular, meaning that people in jail could be given to private businesses. Railroads, mines and lumber companies used this for cheap labor. For these people conditions were bad and death rates were high.

front porch campaign

During the election of 1896, William McKinley stayed in his home to campaign. He gave speeches from his front porch and people came from all around to see him speak at his home.

William Randolph Hearst

Editor of the New York Journal, known for yellow press.

Joseph Pulitzer

Editor of the New York World, practiced Yellow Press.

Andrew Carnegie

Emigrated with his family from native Scotland at 13 and worked in textile factories. Soon would become a management position for company Pennsylvania Railroad. Tried to establish a vertically integrated steel company. Became very rich and ran companies with a "dictorial hand"

Gilded Age

Era from 1870 to 1890. Named after title of 1873 Mark Twain novel. Gilded means covered with a layer of gold, but also means that it's ONLY covered and is thus of few value and misleading. Referring to the remarkable expansion and the damage caused to those who were left behind and abondended. Led to growing gap between rich and poor.

Gospel of Wealth

Essay written by Andrew Carnigie based on the "trickle-down" idea of rich people giving back to society.

Standard Oil

Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation led by Rockefeller

Populists

Evolved from the Farmers' Alliance, also known as the People's Party. Appealed to "the producing classes". Would win support from miners and those who used to be in Knights of Labor. Would publish many pamphlets and newspapers. Goals were to get people elected who would support farmers.

bonanza farms

Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed many agricultural workers. Were a minority of farms in the trans Mississippi West.

Which of the following best describes the "Ghost Dance?"

Feared by U. S. Army officials.

J. P. Morgan

Financier who founded company US steel who combined 8 large steel companies into one company in 1901.

"overwhelming labor question"

Focus shifted from slavery to labor rights. Labor rights included topics such as working hours and salaries.

Colored Farmers' Alliance

Formed by Blacks in the South who thought that the Farmers Alliance branches in the South were unwelcome. Organized a strike of cotton pickers on plantations in 1891.

Pap Singleton

Former fugitive slave that promoted "The exodus". He called for blacks to head to kansas for economic prosperity. He did this by disturbing flyers and lithographs that showed Kansas as a land of opportunity.

Immigration Restriction League

Founded in 1894 in Boston. Was a league that called for reduction of immigration by requiring literacy test for those wanting to enter the US. Would be vetoed by President Clevlend.

Samuel Gompers

Founder of the AFL

Booker T. Washington

Gave speech at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition urging blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon agitation. He was a slave, who would study at the Hampton Institute. He believed that obtaining jobs was more important than rights of citizenship. He would be made head of the Tuskegee Institute.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Government agency made in the 1800s to work on policies with Indians. Established many boarding schools including the Carlisle School.

According to Eric Foner, the federal government contributed to the dynamic and expansive growth of the American economy in the late nineteenth century by

Granting land to railroads, removing Indians from desirable lands in the West, and enacting high tariffs.

annexation of Hawaii

Hawaii was brought into the US.

What can be associated with the death of the Knights of Labor?

Haymarket Square.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian who gave "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" lecture. He said that the qualities of American Culture are tied to the desire to head West. He said that the west was a "safety value "

open range

Huge areas of land owned by the government out west; used for grazing cattle.

Interstate Commerce Commission

ICC, was founded in 1887 by congress as a way to prevent against bad railroad practices. Made sure that farmers and merchants were being treated with fair rates and that some companies were not favored other others. First federal agency to regulate economic activity, but did not have power to establish rates, could only sue companies in court.

vertical integration

Idea by Andrew Carnegie that involved controlling every phase of the steel transportation from raw materials to transportation to manufacturing to distribution.

horizontal integration

Idea by John Rockefeller to buy out competing oil companies to create a monopoly.

free silver

Idea by William Bryan to use silver for money, he wanted to increase the amount of money in circulation. Liked by farmers who liked inflation, but not by banks.

Great Railroad Strike

In 1877, was the First nationwide Strike. Train workers everywhere protested and refused to work due to their low wages. Devastated train nationwide, Military was sent in to force them back to work. In Pittsburgh, over 20 workers were killed by the Militarry, leading to workers responding by burning down railroad yards.

Chief Joseph

Indian chief who was leader of the Nez Perce Indians. He and his tribe were chased out of their homeland .He gave a speech against their confinement said that all should be equal.

Which of the following was not a major reason for the decline and subjugation of the American Indian?

Indifference to the advantages of guns and horses weakened Indian resistance to U.S. military power.

San Juan Hill

Largest Land battle of the Spanish American War. Took place in Cuba. Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders to victory.

Age of Imperialism

Last quarter of the 19th century, an age where countries took over other countries to expand.

Civil Service Act

Law created in 1883 that created a system were government jobs were hired based on ability not how influential one was. Originally only applied for 10 percent of government employees but was important in removing power of political machines

Homestead Act

Law made in 1862 that promised land to anyone who settled in the West and improve it. Envisioned a matter of family farmer. Was refuted by John Powell

Tweed Ring

Lead by Boss William M Tweed. Was A corrupt organization that tried to influence urban politics. Forged ties with railroad men, won support from poor people. However would be ousted in the 1870s

Crazy Horse

Leader of Cheyenne during Little bighorn. Teamed up with sitting bull and the sioux to massacre 250 americans

Sitting Bull

Leader of Sioux during Little bighorn. Teamed up with crazy house and the Cheyenne to massacre 250 americans

Terence V. Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labors in late 1870s, said that "Americans were not the free people that we imagine we are"

Frances Willard

Leader of the WCTU, wanted to educative on alcohol and get females the right to vote.

Rough Riders

Led by Teddy Roosevelt, was a volunteer army that had athletes from Ivy League colleges, western cowboys, immigrants, and indians, but blacks were NOT allowed.

"Boss" Tweed

Led the Tweed Ring. Would try and influence politics. While his organization was ousted out of NY in the 1870s he remained popular and many considered him an Urban Lawmaker

The 1887 Dawes Act

Led to the loss of tribal lands, and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions.

"trusts"

Legal device where the affairs of several companies were managed under a single director.

Wounded Knee

Located in South Dakota. On December 29, 1890 Soldiers opened fire on a Ghost Dance killing 150-200 Indians. Marked the end of armed conflict between the natives population and the settlers.

What was not a central factor in the explosive economic growth in the second Industrial Revolution?

Low tariffs.

Little Bighorn

Major Indian/american Battle where 250 Americans died. Indians were lead by Sitting Bull (Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Cheyenne). Americans led by General Custer.

standard time zones

Major railroad companies divided the nation into 4 different zones to divide time.

gold standard

Meaning that US currency could be exchanged for Gold for a Set rate. Had been suspended during Civil War, was returned in 1879

nation market

Meaning that when the railroads would suffer financially, so would the entire economy.

Dwight Moody

Methodist evangelist that sent more than 8,000 missionaries across the globe.

Coeur d'Alene

Mining district in Idaho. In 1892 Martial law was declared here when a streak occurred.

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Munn v. Illinois; Wabash v. Illinois; Interstate Commerce Act; Lochner v. New York (italics)

lynching

Murdering by a mob. From 1883 to 1905 this happened to more than 50 black men. By 1950 this was at 5000. Some occurred in the dead of night, others were advertised in advance and watchers came.

Dawes Act (1876)

Named after Senator Henry L Dawes of Massachusetts. Broke up land of all Indian tribes into smaller areas that would be distributed among Indian families and the remainder going to White buyers. Any Indian who adopted this would become a full fledged American Citizen. Was disastrous for Indians, very beneficial for Whites.

Ghost Dance

Native American Religious revitalization that told of a day where the whites disappear, the buffalo come back and they could practice their religion freely. During one of these at Wounded Knee Creek soldiers opened fire and killed 200 indians.

William McKinley

Ohio Govenor nominated for president in 1896 by Republican Party. Would campaign from his house. Would win the presidency.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Started in 1892, did not allow Chinese immigrants to enter the country.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

One of the first lawyers that was Female in Kansas. Advocated for Woman's Rights.

By 1913, the United States produced how much of the world's industrial output?

One-third.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Organization led by Carrie Chapman Catt that tried to get woman the right to vote.

Farmers' Alliance

Organization of farmers founded in the late 19th century that wanted to improve their working condition. Expanded to 43 states by 1890. Attempted to improve rural conditions, wanted governments to create warehouses for farmers to store their crops. Eventually evolved into the Populists

Social Gospel

Originated as an effort to reform protestant churches by expanding appeal in urban neighborhoods. Taught charity and helping others.

greenbacks

Paper money issued by the Union during the Civil War, during the 1870s was withdrawn from circulation

"grandfather clause"

Passed in 6 southern states was a clause that said those who were descendants of people who voted before the war were except from poll taxes and literacy tests. Would be shut down by the Supreme Court in 1915.

Lewis Hine

Photographer who used his pictures to draw attention to social problems such as child labor and the poor living conditions.

"separate but equal"

Phrase used by the supreme court used in the Plessy v Ferguson case that said that segregation was legal as long as they were equal. Used as basis for segregation laws.

Open Door Policy

Policy by US Secretary of State John Hay which would give all countries equal opportunities to trade in China.

Tom Watson

Populist in Georgia that worked to forge a black white alliance.

Eugene V. Debs

President of the American Railway Strike. Was jailed for violating judicial order. Would be released from Prision in Nov 1895.

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association that wanted to get woman the right to vote.

James Weaver

Presidential candidate in 1892 that was a popularist. Received more than 1 million votes and got 22 electoral votes.

William Graham Sumner

Professor at Yale who was a Social Darwinist. Published the book What Social Classes owe to each other and he said it was nothing. Government he claimed should not upset and change social classes.

The book in which Henry George proposed a "single tax" on real estate that would replace all other taxes is titled

Progress and Poverty.

New South

Promise made by Atlanta newspaper editor Henry Grady that called for an era of industrial expansion and agricultural diversification. From this white planters, merchants and industrialists prospered but the region as a whole sank into poverty.

"single tax"

Proposed by Henry George in Progress and Poverty, was a tax that would replace all other taxes and place a tax on increases on value of real estate. Would be so high that it would prevent land speculation, eliminate monopolies and distribute wealth.

Haymarket Square Riot

Protest of workers in 1886 in Chicago were four strikers were killed. The next day a protest was held for the killings. Someone through a bomb at a police officer causing them to open fire and kill bystanders and some policeman.

In the late nineteenth century, the Republican Party found particularly strong support among

Protestant immigrants, African-Americans, and Union veterans.

"The Theory of the Leisure Class"

Published by Thorstein Veblen in 1899 was a criticism of Upper Class Culture and focussed on spending money on goods that are not needed.

"How the Other Half Lives"

Published in 1890 by Jacob Riis, offered an account of living conditions among the poor. Showed pictures of apartments that were overcrowded and dark.

barbed wire

Put up by farmers to prevent Cowboys from participating in the long drive. Enclosed their land and prevented unauthorized access to the land.

transcontinental line

Railroad Line that goes from Pacific to Atlantic Oceans. By 1890 there were 5.

Kansas Pacific Railroad

Railroad that had stations at Abilene, Dodge City and Wichita in Kansas. Became a method of transporting millions of cattle.

All of the following were Captains of Industry except

Samuel Gompers.

Whiskey Ring

Ring of Grant administration that united Republican officials tax collectors and whiskey makers to make a massive scheme to avoid taxes.

Platt Amendment

Said that America could intervene in Cuba whenever they deemed fit and Gave the US Access to Guantanamo bay.

Teller Amendment

Said that when the US won the war with Spain, Cuba would not be controlled by the US and instead would be free.

Carlisle School

School created by BIA to "americanize" indian children and adapt them to the white culture. most children eventually went back to reservations

USS Maine

Ship that exploded caused by an accident. This explosion was blamed on Spain by the press and Yellow Press was used to start a war with the Spanish.

What type of industry did Andrew Carnegie make his fortune?

Steel.

tariff

Supported by Republicans, was a tax on imports, aimed to encourage american made products. Opposed by Democrats.

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court Case in 1896 that approved for Separation of Blacks and Whites as long as they were "separate but equal". Used as a basis for discrimination laws.

In Re Debs (1894)

Supreme Court Case that confirmed sentences given to those in Labor unions and approved the use injunctions against those striking

US v. E. C. Knight Co.

Supreme Court case that ruled the Sherman AntiTrust act could not be used to split up a sugar defining monopoly.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court decision that said that the United States constitution did NOT fully apply to those in territories acquired by the US.

Elk v. Wilkins (1884)

Supreme court case that ruled that indians that did not give up their tribes were not entitled to the 14th and 15th amendment rights of Citizenship. Questioned whether Indians had achieved the degree of 'Civilization' required of American Citizens.

sharecropping

System that locked millions of tenant farmers into perpetual poverty. Was an agreement that required sharing of profits.

What was the name of the organization that sought to organize both skilled and unskilled workers, women as well as men, blacks along with whites, and achieved a membership of nearly 800,000 in 1866?

The Knights of Labor.

"solid South"

Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

"Seward's icebox"

Term that referred territory of Alaska purchased from the Russians by Secretary of State Will Seward.

literacy test

Test given to those wanting to vote to see if they were literate and could read. Needed to pass in order to vote.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the years from 1873 to 1897 were known as

The Great Depression.

The Industrial Revolution in the United States took place principally in

The Northeast and the Midwest.

Philippine War

The U.S. became involved in the war between the Philippines and the Spanish. After the Spanish were defeated, U.S stayed in the Philippines

The spirit of innovation contributed importantly to the dynamic and expansive growth of the American economy in the late nineteenth century. Which of the following was not an innovation of the 1870s and 1880s?

The airplane.

standard gauge

The distance separating two sides of a train track. Was made standard across the nation at a 4 feet 8.5 inches in 1886. Made it possible for trains of one company to trail on another companies tracks.

What was not a theme of Social Darwinism?

The growing gulf between the haves and the have-nots poses a dire threat to American freedom.

In 1890 the distribution of wealth in the United States was

The top 1 percent of Americans owned more property than the remaining 99 percent.

Two of the Gilded Age's leading business figures were

Thomas A. Scott and Andrew Carnegie.

American Railway Union

Union of 150,000 railway workers that protested working conditions and boycotted handle trains from pullmann il. This crippled nationwide rail service. Federal Troops and US marshals were sent in which resulted in 34 people dying. Lead by Eugene V. Debs

"women's era"

Three decades in which woman's roles in society increased. Woman got control over their wages, ability to make their own wills and control over their property

long drive

Transportation of Cattle by Whites, mexicans and Black cowboys. Ended in the mid 1880s when Farmers enclosed many areas in barbed wire fences making it difficult to transport, and two bad winters destroyed the cattle.

Guantanamo Bay

US base in Cuba, set forth by the Platt Amendment

Admiral George Dewey

US naval officer that led the Battle of Manilla Bay.

alternating current

Used by Nikola Tesla, would overcome many of the challenges of using electricity for commercial and industrial purposes. Used for the electric motor.

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union, was the era's largest female organization, with over 150,000 members. At first they wanted to ban alcohol, but soon also fought for the right to vote. Were lead by Frances Willard

"Sunshine and Shadow"

Written by Matthew Smith, was a bestseller, compared Alexander T. Stewards mansion with slums in the same city.

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

General Custer

leader of the Americans during Little Bighorn. He and his 250 men were killed in the little bighorn

The first federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, and ensure that railroad rates were reasonable and favoritism avoided was

the Interstate Commerce Commission.