Chapter 16 - Endocrine System

all of the following are targets for insulin except: blood cells, cardiac and smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, liver cells, adipocytes

blood cells

the outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

cortex

after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex

gene transcription is initiated

Which endocrine structure synthesizes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction?

hypothalamus

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on BGL?

increased cortisol levels would increase BGL

thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine

the anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

adenohypophsis

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone

What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?

aldosteronism

when hormones interact they can produce and of the following kinds of effect except: antagonistic, synergistic, integrative, apoptosis, permissive

apoptosis

the hypophyseal portal system

carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary; does not transport ADH and oxytocin; has two capillary plexuses conected by short veins

A hormone that produces glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is only secreted by the human pars intermedia

in very young children

the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increased the level of Ca+ ions in the blood

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

thyroid hormone contains the element

iodine

the two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

isthmus

the inner portion of the adrenal gland is

medulla

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves

hormones secreted by the heart

natriuretic peptides

the hormone that may be slowly administered by IV drip to accelerate labor and delivery is

oxytocin

regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep

regions: adrenal capsule, adrenal cortex, adrenal medula; zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

proper growth does not require which of the following hormones: thyroid hormone; calcitriol; insulin; estrogen; MSH

MSH

peptide hormones are composed of

amino acids

name the hormone and enzyme secreted by the kidneys

the kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

a rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except: ACTH levels, the rate of glycogen formation by the river, the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver, the level of fatty acids in the blood, fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells

ACTH levels

the pituitary that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result

loss of ADH secretion

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids

alpha cells are to _______ as beta cells are to _______

glucagon; insulin

Cushing's disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids

how many hormones does the pituitary gland produce out of the 2 lobes

9

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addison's disease

inadequate iodine in the diet would lead to all but: high blood levels of TSH, cretinism, Grave's disease, goiter, hypothyroidism

Grave's disease

If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?

MSH

the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL

TSH plays a key role in ___ of thyroid hormones

both production and release

parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

build up bone

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except: elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption; decreased heart rate and force of contraction; increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation; stimulation of red blood cell formation; maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers

decreased heart rate and force of contraction

the exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

digestive enzymes

In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells in distant tissues and organs?

endocrine communication

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

epinephrine

the adrenal medulla produces

epinephrine

Which of these statements is false? it is made of serotonin; it inhibits releases of GnRH; exposure to light stimulates production; it is produced by pinealocytes; exposure to light inhibits production

exposure to light stimulates production

the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

The terms used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria

Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm?

steroid hormones

extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

steroid hormones

describe the locations of the parathyroid glands

they are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

Which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?

thymus

which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?

thymus

each of the following hormones in an amino acid derivative except: epinephrine; norepinephrine; melatonin; thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyroid hormone

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

a hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each

alpha cells produce glucagon; beta cells produce insulin; delta cells produce a peptide hormone like GH-IH; and pancreatic polypeptide cells produce pancreatic polypeptide hormone

A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except: glucosuria, hyperglycemia, excessive thirst, polyuria, hypoglycemia

hypoglycemia

activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except: elevated BP; increased urine production; increased retention of Na+ ions at the kidney; increased water retention; increased blood volume

increased urine production

activation of the renin-angiotension system would result in all of the follow except: increased water retention; increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney; increased blood volume; elevated blood pressure; increased urine production

increased urine production

all of the following are true regarding the pancreatic islets except that they: contain four types of endocrine cells; produce enzymes that assist in digestion; release their products directly into the intestines; account for only a small percent of all pancreatic cells; are vital for survival

release their products directly into the intestines

describe the structural classification of hormones

the structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as prohormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol)