Chapter 16 - Endocrine System
all of the following are targets for insulin except: blood cells, cardiac and smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, liver cells, adipocytes
blood cells
the outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex
after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex
gene transcription is initiated
Which endocrine structure synthesizes hormones involved with fluid balance and smooth muscle contraction?
hypothalamus
What effect would increased cortisol levels have on BGL?
increased cortisol levels would increase BGL
thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine
the anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
adenohypophsis
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
aldosterone
What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?
aldosteronism
when hormones interact they can produce and of the following kinds of effect except: antagonistic, synergistic, integrative, apoptosis, permissive
apoptosis
the hypophyseal portal system
carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary; does not transport ADH and oxytocin; has two capillary plexuses conected by short veins
A hormone that produces glucose formation in the liver is
cortisol
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is only secreted by the human pars intermedia
in very young children
the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increased the level of Ca+ ions in the blood
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
integrative
thyroid hormone contains the element
iodine
the two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
isthmus
the inner portion of the adrenal gland is
medulla
During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is
mobilization of energy reserves
hormones secreted by the heart
natriuretic peptides
the hormone that may be slowly administered by IV drip to accelerate labor and delivery is
oxytocin
regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep
regions: adrenal capsule, adrenal cortex, adrenal medula; zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
proper growth does not require which of the following hormones: thyroid hormone; calcitriol; insulin; estrogen; MSH
MSH
peptide hormones are composed of
amino acids
name the hormone and enzyme secreted by the kidneys
the kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
a rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except: ACTH levels, the rate of glycogen formation by the river, the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver, the level of fatty acids in the blood, fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells
ACTH levels
the pituitary that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone
destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result
loss of ADH secretion
Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
low blood glucose
the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids
alpha cells are to _______ as beta cells are to _______
glucagon; insulin
Cushing's disease results from an excess of
glucocorticoids
how many hormones does the pituitary gland produce out of the 2 lobes
9
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
Too little secretion of cortisol causes
Addison's disease
inadequate iodine in the diet would lead to all but: high blood levels of TSH, cretinism, Grave's disease, goiter, hypothyroidism
Grave's disease
If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?
MSH
the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
PRL
TSH plays a key role in ___ of thyroid hormones
both production and release
parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
build up bone
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except: elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption; decreased heart rate and force of contraction; increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation; stimulation of red blood cell formation; maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers
decreased heart rate and force of contraction
the exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
digestive enzymes
In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells in distant tissues and organs?
endocrine communication
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is
epinephrine
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
epinephrine
the adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine
Which of these statements is false? it is made of serotonin; it inhibits releases of GnRH; exposure to light stimulates production; it is produced by pinealocytes; exposure to light inhibits production
exposure to light stimulates production
the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland
The terms used to describe excess production of urine is
polyuria
Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm?
steroid hormones
extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except
steroid hormones
describe the locations of the parathyroid glands
they are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
Which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?
thymus
which structure secretes hormones involved in the stimulation and coordination of the immune response?
thymus
each of the following hormones in an amino acid derivative except: epinephrine; norepinephrine; melatonin; thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyroid hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
a hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone
cells of the adrenal cortex produce
aldosterone
identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each
alpha cells produce glucagon; beta cells produce insulin; delta cells produce a peptide hormone like GH-IH; and pancreatic polypeptide cells produce pancreatic polypeptide hormone
A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except: glucosuria, hyperglycemia, excessive thirst, polyuria, hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia
activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except: elevated BP; increased urine production; increased retention of Na+ ions at the kidney; increased water retention; increased blood volume
increased urine production
activation of the renin-angiotension system would result in all of the follow except: increased water retention; increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney; increased blood volume; elevated blood pressure; increased urine production
increased urine production
all of the following are true regarding the pancreatic islets except that they: contain four types of endocrine cells; produce enzymes that assist in digestion; release their products directly into the intestines; account for only a small percent of all pancreatic cells; are vital for survival
release their products directly into the intestines
describe the structural classification of hormones
the structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as prohormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol)