Chapter 16 Lymphatic System

1. pain 2. heat 3. redness 4. edema

1. appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection 2. blood enters area from deeper body parts 3. greater blood volume enters area due to vasodilation 4. capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability

the immunoglobulin type designated Ig_ is present in breast milk

A

phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called _____ engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered.

Macrophages

the process by which a cell removes and destroys foreign particles from fluid is called :

Phagocytosis

Name the type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and that matures in the thymus

T cells

list three cell types found in the lymphatic tissue :

T cells, B cells, macrophages

T or F. Filtration of fluid from plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the formation of tissue fluid.

True

compact masses of lymphatic tissue seen within malt and some lymphatic organs are called :

lymphatic nodules

which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids and protects the body against pathogens?

lymphatic system

what cell type has receptors on their surface that enable them to recognize non-self antigens?

lymphocytes

the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered:

lymphocytes, macrophages

which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?

lymphocytes, macrophages

which factors are example of chemical barriers important in innate defense?

lysozyme found in tears, pepsin and HCI of gastric juice

define edema

accumulation of excess tissue fluid

as a part of the innate defenses, many pathogens that are ingested are destroyed by _______ within the stomach

acids

IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE

activates complment, responds to bacteria, viruses and toxins defends against bacteria and viruses, found in secretion reacts w antigens on RBC membranes; activates complment activates B cells promotes inflammation and allergic reaction

a B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane bound antigen receptors. what is the immediate result?

activation of B cell

which cell type found in the tissues begin as a monocyte in the blood?

macrophage

what immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, aggutination and lysis of the pathogen?

activation of complement

if the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ___ will try and eliminate it.

adaptive or specific defenses

lymphatic vessles that carry lymph INTO lymph nodes are called _____. they enter the lymph node _____

afferent ; on convex surface

Activation of complement induces pathogen destruction by several mechanism.

agglutination cytolysis opsonization neutralization

the type of antigen that triggers an allergic reaction is called an

allergen

what is a hypersensitivity reaction?

an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen

indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens :

antibodies stimulate inflammation antibodies activate complement antibodies directly attack the antigen

what is another name for the humoral immune response?

antibody mediated immune response

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) _____.

antigen

t cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of ____________

antigen presenting cells

what are germinal centers?

areas of B cell proliferation within cortex of lymph nodes

As a result of receiving a vaccine and triggering a primary immune response to the contained pathogen, the body develops ____ acquired ____ immunity.

artificially ; active

when an individual receives an antitoxin or antiserum to combat infection, they develop ___ acquired ____ immunity.

artificially ; passive

on an antibody molecule, where is the antigen binding site?

at the variable region

list three effects of the complement system :

attraction of phagocytes, stimulation of inflammation, enhancements of phagocytosis

antibodies that attack self cells and tissues are called :

autoantibodies

in immune system disorders known as _____ disorders, the immune system attacks self antigens.

autoimmune

what three common types of pathogens that humans encounter

bacteria, fungi, viruses

what is not a mechanism that facilltates the movement of lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels?

cardiac pumping

activated t cells are responsible for the ___ immune response

cellular (cell mediated)

what structure or area is lacking lymph nodes?

central nervous system

lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway called :

collecting ducts

the presence of plasma proteins in the blood is responsible for ___ pressure

colloid osmotic

adaptive (specific) defenses

different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen

excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called :

edema

lymphatic vessles that carry lymph AWAY lymph nodes are called _____. they leave the lymph node _____

efferent ; at the hilum

three beneficial effects of fever

elevated metabolic rate increased phagocytic activity inhibition of bacterial and viral replication

T or F : when neutrophils leave the bloodstream they become known as macrophages.

false

an abnormal elevation in body temp is called

fever

indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes

filter lymph, immune surveillance

hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ___ line of defense against pathogens.

first

root word humor -

fluid

List three functions of the lymphatic system.

fluid recovery from tissues absorption of lipids immunity

naturally acquired immunity artificially acquired immunity active immunity passive immunity

follows exposure to a live pathogen due to injection of antiserum or antitoxin one's own immune system is engaged due to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

immun-

free, exempt

what is xenograft?

from different species

What is isograft?

from identical twin

what type of cell releases cytokinesis that activate cytotoxic T cells

helper T cell

the relationship between b and t cells

helper t cells are often required to fully activate B cells

indented region of lymph node

hilum

which three items are components of lymph

hormones, gases and nutrients, and water

the type of adaptive immunity called ___ immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells.

humoral

what drives tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?

hydrostatic pressure

proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bine to antigens are called :

immunoglobulins

inguinal lymph nodes are located

in the groin

what factor regulates the movement of tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?

increased tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure

redness, heat, swelling and pain are signs that accompany the process of

inflammation

list three benefits of the process of imflammationL

initiate tissue repair limit the spread of pathogens remove debris of damaged cells

which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?

interferon

which lymphatic trunk drains the abdominal viscera?

intestinal trunk

lymphatic tissue called ____ associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consistss of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue

mucosa-

a primary immune response due to the exposure to a live pathogen would result in ____ acquired ___ immunity.

naturally ; active

supretrochlear lymph nodes are located

near the elbow

while both neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytes, the ___ will engulf smaller particles, and the other cell type will phagocytize larger ones.

neutrophils

normally, an immune response occurs in response to the presence of ___ antigens.

nonself

name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens

nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons adaptive (specific) defenses mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

which root word means disease

patho-

the general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is :

pathogen

Nk cells utillize proteins called ______ to break the cell membranes of self cells that have become infected

perforins

a __ cell is a differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secreate antibodies

plasma

the first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ___ immune response.

primary

As a B cell is activated, it ___ forming ____

proliferates ; a clone

innate (nonspecific) defenses

protect against many pathogens regardless of the pathogen type

colloid osmotic pressure within the capillaries is created by the presence of plasma ____ and is responsible for drawing most tissue fluid back into the capillaries.

proteins

by what means does artificially acquired passive immunity occur?

receiving antibodies (injection) produced by another individual

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

red bone marrow

list four signs of inflammation

redness, pain, edema, heat

what donor tissues do not match the recipient, this results in a reaction called tissue :

rejection

what is the function of the macrophages found in the spleen

remove debris and foreign particles from the blood in the spleen

the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from which lymphatic trunks?

right jugular, right subclavian

into what blood vessel does the right lymphatic duct drain?

right subclavian vein

drains into right lymphatic duct

right upper limp right head/neck right side of thorax

during a ___ immune response, antibodies are produced more rapidly than during a ___ immune response.

secondary ; primary

root auto -

self

in autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks :

self antigens

what is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune response?

site of T lymphocyte maturation

what two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

skeletal muscle contraction, pressure changes during breathing

which of the following acts as mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body

skin

the term _______ refers to the fact that a given organism may not be susceptible to diseases that affect other organisms.

species resistance

as a lymphatic organ, the ___ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.

spleen

list two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found :

spleen and lymph nodes

list three types of encapsulated lymphatic organs ;

spleen, lymph nodes and thymus

list three characteristics of cytokines

stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes, secreted by T cells and macrophages, regulate intensity and duration of immune responses

What is agglutination?

the clumping together of cells

cytotoxic T lymphocytes target __ and __ and destroy them.

tumor cells and viral infected cells

Axillary lymph nodes are located

under the shoulder

as part of the lymphatic pathway, the subclavian trunks drain what part of the body?

upper limbs

what is autograft?

use of one's own tissue

the type of preparation that produces artifically acquired active immunity against the injected substance is called an :

vaccines

within lymphatic vessels, structures called ____ prevent the backflow of lymph.

valves

the collecting ducts empty into ___ returning the fluid from the interstitium back to the blood circulation.

veins

as lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the ____ circulation

venous

are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?

water and small molecules

at the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?

water and small molecules

under what condition would the flaplike valves of lymphatic capillaries open, allowing tissue fluid to enter?

when tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure within the lymphatic capillary

name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes

white pulp

nod-

knot

drains into thoracic duct

left lower limb left upper limb abdomen left side of head/neck right lower limb

into which blood vessel does the thoracic duct empty?

left subclavian vein

the role of fever in innate defense is to make the body ___ hospitable to certain pathogens.

less

cervical lymph nodes are located

located along the sides of the neck

the fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid is called :

lymph

lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structure called :

lymph nodes

small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that filter the lymph are called

lymph nodes

what structure functions to filter lymph?

lymph nodes

in addition to circulating in the blood, T cells and B cells reside in the ___ tissues and organs.

lymphatic

which vessel type is made up of epithelial cells that overlap, forming one-way valves that easily allow fluid to enter, but not exit?

lymphatic capillaries

list the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein

lymphatic capillaries afferent lymphatic vessel lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel lymphatic trunk collecting duct

lympathic pathway of the body, in order starting at tissue and ending at veins.

lymphatic capillaries lymphatic vessels lymphatic trunks lymphatic ducts

the class of immunoglobulin that is involved in allergic reactions is the class designated Ig_:

E

T or F : the intestinal trunk drains both the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs

False

Drugs that organ transplant patients take to decrease the function of the immune system, and therefore avoid tissue rejection, are called ___ drugs

Immunosuppressive

which collecting duct passes from the abdomen, up along the anterior aspect of the vertebral column, to the left subclavian vein?

thoracic duct

Some of the precursors to lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and travel to the lymphatic organ called the ___ gland, where they specialize into T lymphocytes

thymus

the encapsulated, bilobed lymphatic organ that shrinks with age is called the :

thymus

what glands function in immunity?

thymus

the precursors to lymphocytes mature into T cells in the ____. those that will be B cells mature in the ___ .

thymus ; bone marrow

Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid __________________ after transplantation.

tissue rejection reaction

what is inflammation

tissue response to injury and infection

what is the role of the valves found within lymphatic vessels?

to prevent backflow of lymph

inflamm-

to set on fire