Chapter 16 Lymphatic System
1. pain 2. heat 3. redness 4. edema
1. appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection 2. blood enters area from deeper body parts 3. greater blood volume enters area due to vasodilation 4. capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability
the immunoglobulin type designated Ig_ is present in breast milk
A
phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called _____ engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered.
Macrophages
the process by which a cell removes and destroys foreign particles from fluid is called :
Phagocytosis
Name the type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and that matures in the thymus
T cells
list three cell types found in the lymphatic tissue :
T cells, B cells, macrophages
T or F. Filtration of fluid from plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the formation of tissue fluid.
True
compact masses of lymphatic tissue seen within malt and some lymphatic organs are called :
lymphatic nodules
which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids and protects the body against pathogens?
lymphatic system
what cell type has receptors on their surface that enable them to recognize non-self antigens?
lymphocytes
the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered:
lymphocytes, macrophages
which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?
lymphocytes, macrophages
which factors are example of chemical barriers important in innate defense?
lysozyme found in tears, pepsin and HCI of gastric juice
define edema
accumulation of excess tissue fluid
as a part of the innate defenses, many pathogens that are ingested are destroyed by _______ within the stomach
acids
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
activates complment, responds to bacteria, viruses and toxins defends against bacteria and viruses, found in secretion reacts w antigens on RBC membranes; activates complment activates B cells promotes inflammation and allergic reaction
a B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane bound antigen receptors. what is the immediate result?
activation of B cell
which cell type found in the tissues begin as a monocyte in the blood?
macrophage
what immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, aggutination and lysis of the pathogen?
activation of complement
if the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ___ will try and eliminate it.
adaptive or specific defenses
lymphatic vessles that carry lymph INTO lymph nodes are called _____. they enter the lymph node _____
afferent ; on convex surface
Activation of complement induces pathogen destruction by several mechanism.
agglutination cytolysis opsonization neutralization
the type of antigen that triggers an allergic reaction is called an
allergen
what is a hypersensitivity reaction?
an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen
indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens :
antibodies stimulate inflammation antibodies activate complement antibodies directly attack the antigen
what is another name for the humoral immune response?
antibody mediated immune response
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) _____.
antigen
t cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of ____________
antigen presenting cells
what are germinal centers?
areas of B cell proliferation within cortex of lymph nodes
As a result of receiving a vaccine and triggering a primary immune response to the contained pathogen, the body develops ____ acquired ____ immunity.
artificially ; active
when an individual receives an antitoxin or antiserum to combat infection, they develop ___ acquired ____ immunity.
artificially ; passive
on an antibody molecule, where is the antigen binding site?
at the variable region
list three effects of the complement system :
attraction of phagocytes, stimulation of inflammation, enhancements of phagocytosis
antibodies that attack self cells and tissues are called :
autoantibodies
in immune system disorders known as _____ disorders, the immune system attacks self antigens.
autoimmune
what three common types of pathogens that humans encounter
bacteria, fungi, viruses
what is not a mechanism that facilltates the movement of lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels?
cardiac pumping
activated t cells are responsible for the ___ immune response
cellular (cell mediated)
what structure or area is lacking lymph nodes?
central nervous system
lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway called :
collecting ducts
the presence of plasma proteins in the blood is responsible for ___ pressure
colloid osmotic
adaptive (specific) defenses
different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen
excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called :
edema
lymphatic vessles that carry lymph AWAY lymph nodes are called _____. they leave the lymph node _____
efferent ; at the hilum
three beneficial effects of fever
elevated metabolic rate increased phagocytic activity inhibition of bacterial and viral replication
T or F : when neutrophils leave the bloodstream they become known as macrophages.
false
an abnormal elevation in body temp is called
fever
indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes
filter lymph, immune surveillance
hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ___ line of defense against pathogens.
first
root word humor -
fluid
List three functions of the lymphatic system.
fluid recovery from tissues absorption of lipids immunity
naturally acquired immunity artificially acquired immunity active immunity passive immunity
follows exposure to a live pathogen due to injection of antiserum or antitoxin one's own immune system is engaged due to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
immun-
free, exempt
what is xenograft?
from different species
What is isograft?
from identical twin
what type of cell releases cytokinesis that activate cytotoxic T cells
helper T cell
the relationship between b and t cells
helper t cells are often required to fully activate B cells
indented region of lymph node
hilum
which three items are components of lymph
hormones, gases and nutrients, and water
the type of adaptive immunity called ___ immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells.
humoral
what drives tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?
hydrostatic pressure
proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bine to antigens are called :
immunoglobulins
inguinal lymph nodes are located
in the groin
what factor regulates the movement of tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?
increased tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure
redness, heat, swelling and pain are signs that accompany the process of
inflammation
list three benefits of the process of imflammationL
initiate tissue repair limit the spread of pathogens remove debris of damaged cells
which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?
interferon
which lymphatic trunk drains the abdominal viscera?
intestinal trunk
lymphatic tissue called ____ associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consistss of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue
mucosa-
a primary immune response due to the exposure to a live pathogen would result in ____ acquired ___ immunity.
naturally ; active
supretrochlear lymph nodes are located
near the elbow
while both neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytes, the ___ will engulf smaller particles, and the other cell type will phagocytize larger ones.
neutrophils
normally, an immune response occurs in response to the presence of ___ antigens.
nonself
name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens
nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons adaptive (specific) defenses mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
which root word means disease
patho-
the general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is :
pathogen
Nk cells utillize proteins called ______ to break the cell membranes of self cells that have become infected
perforins
a __ cell is a differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secreate antibodies
plasma
the first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ___ immune response.
primary
As a B cell is activated, it ___ forming ____
proliferates ; a clone
innate (nonspecific) defenses
protect against many pathogens regardless of the pathogen type
colloid osmotic pressure within the capillaries is created by the presence of plasma ____ and is responsible for drawing most tissue fluid back into the capillaries.
proteins
by what means does artificially acquired passive immunity occur?
receiving antibodies (injection) produced by another individual
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
red bone marrow
list four signs of inflammation
redness, pain, edema, heat
what donor tissues do not match the recipient, this results in a reaction called tissue :
rejection
what is the function of the macrophages found in the spleen
remove debris and foreign particles from the blood in the spleen
the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from which lymphatic trunks?
right jugular, right subclavian
into what blood vessel does the right lymphatic duct drain?
right subclavian vein
drains into right lymphatic duct
right upper limp right head/neck right side of thorax
during a ___ immune response, antibodies are produced more rapidly than during a ___ immune response.
secondary ; primary
root auto -
self
in autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly attacks :
self antigens
what is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune response?
site of T lymphocyte maturation
what two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
skeletal muscle contraction, pressure changes during breathing
which of the following acts as mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body
skin
the term _______ refers to the fact that a given organism may not be susceptible to diseases that affect other organisms.
species resistance
as a lymphatic organ, the ___ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.
spleen
list two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found :
spleen and lymph nodes
list three types of encapsulated lymphatic organs ;
spleen, lymph nodes and thymus
list three characteristics of cytokines
stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes, secreted by T cells and macrophages, regulate intensity and duration of immune responses
What is agglutination?
the clumping together of cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes target __ and __ and destroy them.
tumor cells and viral infected cells
Axillary lymph nodes are located
under the shoulder
as part of the lymphatic pathway, the subclavian trunks drain what part of the body?
upper limbs
what is autograft?
use of one's own tissue
the type of preparation that produces artifically acquired active immunity against the injected substance is called an :
vaccines
within lymphatic vessels, structures called ____ prevent the backflow of lymph.
valves
the collecting ducts empty into ___ returning the fluid from the interstitium back to the blood circulation.
veins
as lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the ____ circulation
venous
are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?
water and small molecules
at the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?
water and small molecules
under what condition would the flaplike valves of lymphatic capillaries open, allowing tissue fluid to enter?
when tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure within the lymphatic capillary
name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes
white pulp
nod-
knot
drains into thoracic duct
left lower limb left upper limb abdomen left side of head/neck right lower limb
into which blood vessel does the thoracic duct empty?
left subclavian vein
the role of fever in innate defense is to make the body ___ hospitable to certain pathogens.
less
cervical lymph nodes are located
located along the sides of the neck
the fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid is called :
lymph
lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structure called :
lymph nodes
small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that filter the lymph are called
lymph nodes
what structure functions to filter lymph?
lymph nodes
in addition to circulating in the blood, T cells and B cells reside in the ___ tissues and organs.
lymphatic
which vessel type is made up of epithelial cells that overlap, forming one-way valves that easily allow fluid to enter, but not exit?
lymphatic capillaries
list the order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from the tissue to the subclavian vein
lymphatic capillaries afferent lymphatic vessel lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel lymphatic trunk collecting duct
lympathic pathway of the body, in order starting at tissue and ending at veins.
lymphatic capillaries lymphatic vessels lymphatic trunks lymphatic ducts
the class of immunoglobulin that is involved in allergic reactions is the class designated Ig_:
E
T or F : the intestinal trunk drains both the abdominal viscera and the lower limbs
False
Drugs that organ transplant patients take to decrease the function of the immune system, and therefore avoid tissue rejection, are called ___ drugs
Immunosuppressive
which collecting duct passes from the abdomen, up along the anterior aspect of the vertebral column, to the left subclavian vein?
thoracic duct
Some of the precursors to lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and travel to the lymphatic organ called the ___ gland, where they specialize into T lymphocytes
thymus
the encapsulated, bilobed lymphatic organ that shrinks with age is called the :
thymus
what glands function in immunity?
thymus
the precursors to lymphocytes mature into T cells in the ____. those that will be B cells mature in the ___ .
thymus ; bone marrow
Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid __________________ after transplantation.
tissue rejection reaction
what is inflammation
tissue response to injury and infection
what is the role of the valves found within lymphatic vessels?
to prevent backflow of lymph
inflamm-
to set on fire