Chapter 16 Part A and B Pearson assignment

__________ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Permissiveness Permissiveness occurs when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

Phosphodiesterase The increase in cAMP levels is usually short-lived because the enzyme phosphodiesterase is constantly present in the cytoplasm of the target cells.

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins. Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

Plasma membrane receptors Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

site into which releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones are secreted

Primary capillary plexus

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

Prolactin Prolactin (PL) stimulates the mammary glands of the breasts to produce milk.

site that receives the blood and hormones from the primary plexus and into which hormones like GH, TSH, and ACTH are secreted

Secondary capillary plexus

3. Axon termini of posterior pituitary: and

Site of release of neurohormones into the blood capillary supplied by inferior hypophyseal artery AND Stores neurohormones ADH and oxytocin

supplies the primary plexus

Superior hypophyseal artery

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (lobe)?

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.

What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)? Select from letters A-D.

Anterior Pituitary

What gland secretes growth hormone?

Anterior pituitary (lobe)

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______.

Blood pressure -Cushing's syndrome results from excessive exposure to the hormone cortisol. Cortisol increases blood pressure by increasing the sensitivity of the blood vessels to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Aldosteronism occurs due to oversecretion of aldosterone. One function of aldosterone is to indirectly stimulate the reabsorbtion of water from the kidney tubule cells into the systemic circulation. This process increases blood volume and thus blood pressure.

At what point does the receptor-hormone complex bind to DNA? Select from letters A-D.

C

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

True

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.

True

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

Humoral stimulation

blood vessels of hypophyseal portal system that join two capillary beds

Hypophyseal portal veins

Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus (DM)?

Insulin

The pathway to release of neurohormones follows a series of steps.

1. Synthesis 2. ADH synthesis into supraoptic neurons 3. Transport in tract in infundibulum 4. Storage in axon termini in posterior pituitary 5. Action potentials arrive at the axon terminal 6. Release into blood

Trace a releasing hormone from its synthesis through its pathway to stimulation of anterior pituitary hormones.

1. Synthesis 2. Hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones, RH's or IH's 3. Hypothalamic hormones move into primary capillary plexus 4. Hypothalamic hormones flow in blood through portal veins 5. Stimulation or inhibition of hormone secretion by anterior pituitary 6. Hormones secreted into the secondary plexus 7. release into blood

Mechanism of Hormone Action: Second Messenger cAMP

1. Water soluble hormone binds receptor 2. Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases

At which point does the hormone bind to its intracellular receptor? Determine the receptor-hormone complex. Select from letters A-D.

A

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? Select from letters A-D.

A

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

Adenoid Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids and are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.

All of the listed responses are correct. -apoptosis of parathyroid cells -failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) -malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. It functions to stimulate osteoclast activity, enhances the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and increases absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosal cells.

What is the primary function of hormones?

Alter cell activity The primary function of hormones is to alter cell activity by altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes or regulating molecules, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

What is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)? Select from letters A-D.

C

What factor inhibits aldosterone release? Select from letters A-D.

D

Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine? Select from letters A-D.

D

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?

Enzymatic Enzymes are not triggers in the release of hormones.

The anatomical effects of acromegaly can usually be reversed by surgically removing the tumor from the anterior pituitary.

False

You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________.

Grave's disease Graves' disease occurs due to hyperthyroidism. Iodine is an important precursor for the production of thyroid hormone.

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland?

Grave's disease The most common hyperthyroid pathology is an autoimmune disease called Graves' disease. In this condition, a person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicle cells.

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism

Growth Hormone (GH)

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

Hormonal stimuli The anterior pituitary requires hormonal stimuli from the hypothalamus.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. The blood stream allows hormones to be distributed throughout the body.

location of synthesis of releasing hormones (RH), like GHRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH; or inhibiting hormones (IH), like GHIH, PIH

Hypothalamus neurons

Which of the following structures does NOT produce a hormone or hormones?

Lungs

4. Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus:

Nuclei located in a more inferior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone ADH

1. Paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus:

Nuclei located in a more superior location that synthesizes mainly the neurohormone oxytocin

What cells release parathyroid hormone?

Parathyroid cells

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

Synergism Synergism of hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands?

They have ducts Endocrine glands are ductless glands.

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image?

Thyroxine

2. Tract in infundibulum:

Transports neurohormones to termini in posterior pituitary/hypophysis

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called __________.

Tropins Tropins, or tropic hormones, are hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

Osteitis fibrosa is a rare complication of hyperparathyroidism where the bones soften and deform.

True

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."

True

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors.

What hormone, notated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

Aldosteronism will cause ______.

decreased secretion of renin -Aldosteronism is due to oversecretion of aldosterone. The kidneys release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II which stimulates aldosterone release.

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

glucocorticoids -Essential to life, the glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels and help us to resist stressors.

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______.

hyposecretion of dopamine *Dopamine functions as a prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons *interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons

Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism?

neurons become more excitable and tingling sensations

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary *Acromegaly is a disorder in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues gradually enlarge. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone).

Which process can indirectly control insulin release?

release of glucagon by the pancreatic islets