Chapter 16

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

IP3

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood?

Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin

Prostaglandins are examples of which type of hormones?

eicosanoids

In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells primarily in other tissues and organs, and must have appropriate receptors?

endocrine communication

Follicle cells remove thyroglobulin from the follicular cavity by which mechanism?

endocytosis

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

phosphodiesterase

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

thyroid hormone

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

tyrosine kinase receptors

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

β receptors

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone)

What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst?

Increased urination

Which important event occurs in the apical surface of the follicle cell?

Iodide ions (I-) are enzymatically converted to an activated form of iodide (I+)

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins

Which characteristic of the thyroid hormones is accurate?

Roughly 75 percent of the T4 molecules entering the bloodstream become attached to transport proteins called thyroid-binding globulins (TBGs)

Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus?

She is 50-years old and out of shape

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion