Chapter 16
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
ADH (vasopressin)
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3
Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood?
Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside
When blood glucose levels are low
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase
When blood glucose levels are high
The pancreas releases insulin
Prostaglandins are examples of which type of hormones?
eicosanoids
In which mechanism of intercellular communication are target cells primarily in other tissues and organs, and must have appropriate receptors?
endocrine communication
Follicle cells remove thyroglobulin from the follicular cavity by which mechanism?
endocytosis
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
epinephrine
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
heart palpitations
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homeostasis
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
negative feedback
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
oxytocin
Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
phosphodiesterase
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
phosphodiesterase
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
plasma membrane receptors
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
thyroid hormone
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
tyrosine kinase receptors
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
β receptors
A liver cell responds to insulin by
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
Cushing's disease
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
GH (growth hormone)
What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst?
Increased urination
Which important event occurs in the apical surface of the follicle cell?
Iodide ions (I-) are enzymatically converted to an activated form of iodide (I+)
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
Liver cells
Body cells that respond to insulin include
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
Phosphorylate proteins
Which characteristic of the thyroid hormones is accurate?
Roughly 75 percent of the T4 molecules entering the bloodstream become attached to transport proteins called thyroid-binding globulins (TBGs)
Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus?
She is 50-years old and out of shape
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.
cAMP in the cytoplasm
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
cortisol
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
decreased insulin secretion