Chapter 16 Reading Quiz

act of union

after the ______ ___ _______ with england in 1707 Scotland was freed from political crisis to experience a vigorous period of intellectual growth

mind and body

baruch spinoza believed that the ______ and ____ are united in one substance and that God and nature were merely two names for the same thing

economic and political

philosophes were not disturbed that the elite women remained legally subordinate to men in _______ and _________ affairs

classify nature

primary catalyst for new ideas about race was the urge to ________ _______ unleashed by the Scientific Revolution's insistence on careful empirical observation

reconcile

Kant tried to _______ absolute monarchial authority and religious faith w/ a critical public sphere

elite women

___________ __________- lacked many rights but so did the majority of European men who were poor

the social contract

Rosseau contributed to political theory in ____ _________ _________ was based on two fundamental concepts of general will and popular sovereignty

Parisian

Rosseau rejected the way of the ________ elite women

corrupting

Rosseau said anything such as a women's love for displaying herself in public was unnatural and had a _________ effect on both politics and society

radically

Rosseau said men and women were ________ different beings

general will

Rosseau said the ________ ________ was sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interest of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power

refinements

Rosseau said the basic goodness for the individual and the unspoiled child had to be protected from the cruel ___________ of civilization

romantic movement

Rosseau's ideas greatly influenced the early _________ __________

individual freedom

Rousseau passionately committed to ________ _________

talented writers

____________ __________ popularized hard-to-understand scientific achievements and set agenda of human problems to be addressed through the methods of science

coffeehouses

______________ first appeared in the late 17th century and became meccas of philosophical discussion

european enlightenment

a broad intellectual and cultural movement that gained strength and did not reach maturity until 1750 which was loosely united by certain key ideas

rationalism

a secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to subjected to reason

On Crimes and Punishment

in ____ __________ ____ ________ beccaria showed a passionate plea for reform of the penal system that decried the use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment & capital punishment & advocated the prevention of crime over the reliance on punishment

What is Enlightenment

in ________ ____ _______, Kant posed the question of age.

deterministic universe

good and evil are merely relative values and our actions were shaped by outside circumstances not free will

skepticism

he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt; a view known as __________ by demonstrating that human beliefs had been extremely varied and often mistaken

historical and critical dictionary

he critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his _________ ___ ________ _________

an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations

in __ _______ ____ ___ ________ ______ ________ __ _____ ______ _____ _______ Smith attacked the laws and regulation that he argued prevented commerce from reaching its full capacity

on the different races of man

in ____ _______ _________ ____ ___ ______ Kant claimed that there were four human races, each of which had derived from an original race; the closest descendants of the original race were the white inhabitants of northern Germany

Theodicy

in this writing Leibniz declared that ours must be the best of all possible worlds because it was created by an omnipotent and benevolent God

coveted

invitations to salons were highly _______

intellectuals

kant argued that if ___________ were granted freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost certainly follow

religious truth

other people asked if _______ ______ could ever be known w/ absolute certainty and concluded that it could not

truth and morality

people began to look at _______ and _______ in relative rather than absolute terms

common undertaking

philosophes felt that they were engaged in a ______ ________ that transcended individuals

elites

the french philosophes made it their goals to reach a larger audience of ____, many of whom were joined together in a concept inherited from the Renaissance known as the Republic of Letters

international conversation

with broad ___________ _________, scholars have identified regional and national particularities

gender roles

Rosseau called for a rigid division of ________ _______

theory of moral sentiments

the ________ ___ _______ ____________ was written by smith and argued that the thriving commercial life of the 18th century produced civic virtue through which the values of competition, fair play and individual astronomy

idea of progress

the ________ ____ _______, Enlightenment thinkers believed that is was at least possible for human beings to create better societies and better people

scottish enlightenment

the _________ ________ centered in Edinburgh and was marked by an emphasis on common sense and scientific reason

republic of letters

the __________ ___ ________ was an imaginary transnational realm of the well educated

Italian state

the __________ ______ was regarded as culturally backwards

catholic enlightenment

the __________ _________ aimed to renew and reform the church from within, looking to divine grace rather than human will as the source of progress

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

the __________ __________ _________ __________ was written by John Locke where he set forth a new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas. It contributed to the theory of sensationalism

greater knowledge

Encyclopedists were convinced that _________ __________ would result in greater human happiness b/c knowledge was useful and made possible economic, social and political progress

Christian theology

Enlightenment ideas were debated in the German-speaking states often in dialogue w/ ________ ________

british north america

Enlightenment in _____ ____ ________ was heavily influenced by English and Scottish thinkers

contact

Enlightenment was fueld by Europe's increased _______ with the wider world

race

Euroepans now grouped each other according to _____ instead of people being grouped into nations based on their historical, political and cultural affiliations

books

European production and consumption of ________ grew significantly

superior

Europeans were now biologically ___________ according to emerging ideas about racial differences

hub

France became a ____ of Enlightenment thought

international language

French was the ____________ ________ of the educated classes, and France was the wealthiest and most populous country in Europe

impressions

Hume built on Locke's teachings and argued that the human mind is really nothing but a bundle of ________ and that these __________ originate only in sensory experiences and our habits of joining these experiences together

rationalistic inquiry

Hume's __________ _________ ended up undermining the Enlightenment's faith in the power of reason

revolutionary

Kant was no __________ he insisted that in their private lives individuals must obey all laws, no matter how unreasonable and should be punished for impertinent criticism

refuted

Leibniz _____ both Cartesian dualism and Spinoza's monism

monads

Leibniz developed the idea of ________ which is an infinite number of substances from which all matter is composed

unequal education

Madame du Chatelet had not doubt that women's limited role in science was due to ______ _________

physics and mathematics

Madame du Chatelet studied _______ and ___________ and published scientific articles and translations including the first/only translation of Newton's Principalia into French

Royal Academy of Sciences

Madame du Chatlet was excluded from the __________ ____________ ___ _________ b/c she was a woman

balance of powers

Montesquieu admire the ___________ ___ _______ in England

separation of powers

Montesquieu argued for a __________ __ ________ with political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates

13 high courts

Montesquieu believed that in France the ___ ______ ______ were frontline defenders of liberty against royal despotism

absolutism

Montesquieu did not like the growth of ______ under Louis XIV

history and geography

Montesquieu focused on the conditions that would promote liberty and prevent tyranny b/c he knew that forms of govt. were shaped by _________ and __________

privileged women

Rossau's criticism led to calls for ________ ________ to renounce their frivolous ways and stay at home to care for their children

rationalism and civilization

Rosseau attacked ______________ and ____________ as destroyed rather than liberating the individual

excommunicated

Spinoza was ________ by the large Jewish community of Amsterdam b/c of his controversial religious ideas but was heralded by his Enlightenment successors as a model of personal virtue and courageous intellectual autonomy

The Spirit of Laws

_____ _______ __ ______ set out to apply the critical method to the problem of govt. which resulted in a complex, comparative study of republics, monarchies and despotisms

adam smith

______ _____ was a major figure of the scottish enlightenment

reforms

The rising unpopularity of King Louis XIV & his mistresses created growing discontent and calls for _____ among the educated elite

Madame du Chatelet

____________ __ _________ was a noblewoman with a passion for science

King Frederick the Great

Voltaire admire ______ _________ ___ ______ of Prussia as an enlightened monarch

good monarch

Voltaire concluded that the best one could hope for in the way of govt. was a ______ _______

equality

Voltaire did not believed in social and economic _______

religious intolerance

Voltaire hated all forms of ________ ______ b/c he believed it led to fanaticism

Newton

Voltaire lauded(praised) ______ as history's greatest man b/c he had used his genius for the benefit of humanity

individuals and institutions

Voltaire mixed glorification of science and reason w/ an appeal for better _______ and _________

England

Voltaire moved to ____ for 3 years to avoid a longer prison term in France

2

Voltaire was arrested on __ occasions for insulting noblemen

science

Voltaire wrote works praising England and popularizing English _______

challenged

Voltaire's writings ______ the Catholic Church and Christian theology - believed in God as akin to a clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to interrupt human affairs

The Encyclopedia

___ ______________ was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Ron D'Alembert; it set out to teach people how to think critically and objectively about all manners; contained 72 thousand articles which treated every aspect of life and knowledge

the system of nature

____ _____________ ___ _______ was written by a Swedish botanist Carl con Linne where he argued that nature was organized into a God-given hierarchy

Tabula Rasa

______ ______ is the belief that the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet on which the environment writes the individual's understandings and beliefs, human development is therefore determined by education and social institutions

Kant

______ taught and wrote about anthropology, geography, standard philosophical themes such as logic, metaphysics and moral philosophy

rococo

______ was a popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

history of the two indies

_______ __ _____ ____ _______fiercely attacked slavery and the abuses of European colonization (writing)

denis diderot

_______ ______ adopted Montesquieu's technique of criticizing European attitudes through the voice of outsiders in his dialogue between Tahitian villagers and their European visitors

John Locke

_______ ______ provided a systematic justification of Bacon's emphasis on the importance of observation and experimentation by laying emphasis on the role of perception in the acquisition of knowledge

Immanuel Kant

_______ ______ was a professor in East Prussia who was the greatest German philosopher of his day

medieval thinkers

_______ _______ had been concerned primarily with abstract concepts of sin and salvation

james beattie

_______ _______ was a Scottish philosopher who responded directly to claims of white superiority by pointing out that Europeans had started out as savage as non whites supposedly were and that many non-European peoples had achieved high levels of civilization

baruch spinoza

_______ _______ was a dutch jewish philosopher who borrowed Descartes's emphasis on rationalism and his methods of deductive reasoning but rejected the French thinker's mind-body dualism

lending libraries

_______ ________ served an important function for people who could not afford their own books

the Persian letters

_______ __________ _____ was written by Montesquieu and was an extremely influential social satire published in 1721 which was considered the first major work of the French Enlightenment

candide or optimism

________ _ ________ was written by Voltaire and ridiculed Leibniz's opinion

madame du deffand

________ ___ _________ was best known for her weekly parisian salons which included many famous guests

cesare beccaria

________ ______ of northern italy, a nobleman educated at Jesuit schools and the University of Pavia

Gotfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

________ _______ ___ _______ was a German philosopher and mathematician who developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton

Francois Marie Arouet

________ _______ ______ became known as Voltaire

scientific racism

________ _______ helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the 18th century

david hume

________ _______ put an emphasis on civic morality and religious skepticism which had a powerful impact at home and abroad

former slaves

________ ________ published eloquent memoirs testifying to the horrors of slavery and the innate equality of all humans

outside France

________ ________ strains of Enlightenment(Protestant, Catholic, Jewish) sought to reconcile reason with faith, rather than emphasizing the errors of religious fanaticism and intolerance

pierre bayle

________ ________ was a French Protestant/Huguenot who took refuge from govt. persecution in the tolerant dutch republic

public sphere

________ ________ was an idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economic and politics

Two Treatises of Civil Government

________ ___________ ___ ________ __________ was written by Locke and insisted on the sovereignty of the elected Parliament against the authority of the Crown

europeans

________ shaved their faces and let their hair grow

turks

________ shaved their hair and let their beards grow

Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

_________ _______ and __________ _________ were leaders of the American Enlightenment who played a leading role in the American Revolution

enlightenment thinkers

_________ _________ believed that the era had gone far beyond antiquity and that intellectual progress was very possible

Rousseau

_________ contributed articles on music to the Encyclopedia and became friends w/ the editors

salonnieres

_________ were women who hosted the salons

Voltaire

_________ wrote almost 18, 000 letters to people in France and across Europe

sensationalism

__________ is the idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions

philosophes

__________ were a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of the Enlightenment

conversation, discussion, debate

__________, _________ and __________ played a critical role in the Enlightenment

comte de Buffon

___________ ___ _________ argued that humans originated w/ one species that then developed into distinct races due largely to climatic conditions

renaissance humanists

___________ ________ had drawn their inspiration from the classical past

subordinate

according to Rosseau women should be ________ in social life b/c they were destined by nature to pursue a passive role in sexual relations

taxonomies

scientists developed __________ of plants and animal species and started to classify humans into hierarchically ordered races and to investigate the origins of race

educational

scottish intellectual revival also stimulated by the creation of the first public _______ system in Europe

ideological conformity

some people asked whether _______ _______ in religious matters was really necessary

civilization and decency

some philosophes championed greater rights and expanded education for women, claiming that the position and treatment of women were the best indicators of a society's level of _________ and ________

international networks

the Enlightenment came from a mix of diverse and conflicting ideas which were debated in ___________ _________

salon

the _____ was a regular gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy

thirty years war

the _______ ______ ____ brought about skepticism

scientific method

the _______ ______ was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature

scientific revolution

the _______ _________ generated doubt and uncertainty which contributed to a widespread crisis in late 17th century European thought

dictionary

the _______ was written by Pierre Bayle and was very influential; it was found in more private libraries of the 18th century France than any other book

kingdom of naples

the ________ __ ________ entered a period of intellectual expansion as reformers struggled to lift the heavy weight of church and noble power

political

the atmosphere of doubt spread from religious to _______ b/c many rulers viewed religious dissent as a form of political opposition and took harsh measures to stifle unorthodox ways of worship

Enlightenment

the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method and progress

reason

the methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be subjected to rationalism

beliefs and customs

the rapidly growing literature taught Europeans that the peoples of different countries all had their own very different ______ and _______

reading revolution

the transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse'; reading became individual and silent

monism

there is only one substance in the universe