Chapter 16 Reading Quiz
act of union
after the ______ ___ _______ with england in 1707 Scotland was freed from political crisis to experience a vigorous period of intellectual growth
mind and body
baruch spinoza believed that the ______ and ____ are united in one substance and that God and nature were merely two names for the same thing
economic and political
philosophes were not disturbed that the elite women remained legally subordinate to men in _______ and _________ affairs
classify nature
primary catalyst for new ideas about race was the urge to ________ _______ unleashed by the Scientific Revolution's insistence on careful empirical observation
reconcile
Kant tried to _______ absolute monarchial authority and religious faith w/ a critical public sphere
elite women
___________ __________- lacked many rights but so did the majority of European men who were poor
the social contract
Rosseau contributed to political theory in ____ _________ _________ was based on two fundamental concepts of general will and popular sovereignty
Parisian
Rosseau rejected the way of the ________ elite women
corrupting
Rosseau said anything such as a women's love for displaying herself in public was unnatural and had a _________ effect on both politics and society
radically
Rosseau said men and women were ________ different beings
general will
Rosseau said the ________ ________ was sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interest of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power
refinements
Rosseau said the basic goodness for the individual and the unspoiled child had to be protected from the cruel ___________ of civilization
romantic movement
Rosseau's ideas greatly influenced the early _________ __________
individual freedom
Rousseau passionately committed to ________ _________
talented writers
____________ __________ popularized hard-to-understand scientific achievements and set agenda of human problems to be addressed through the methods of science
coffeehouses
______________ first appeared in the late 17th century and became meccas of philosophical discussion
european enlightenment
a broad intellectual and cultural movement that gained strength and did not reach maturity until 1750 which was loosely united by certain key ideas
rationalism
a secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to subjected to reason
On Crimes and Punishment
in ____ __________ ____ ________ beccaria showed a passionate plea for reform of the penal system that decried the use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment & capital punishment & advocated the prevention of crime over the reliance on punishment
What is Enlightenment
in ________ ____ _______, Kant posed the question of age.
deterministic universe
good and evil are merely relative values and our actions were shaped by outside circumstances not free will
skepticism
he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt; a view known as __________ by demonstrating that human beliefs had been extremely varied and often mistaken
historical and critical dictionary
he critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his _________ ___ ________ _________
an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
in __ _______ ____ ___ ________ ______ ________ __ _____ ______ _____ _______ Smith attacked the laws and regulation that he argued prevented commerce from reaching its full capacity
on the different races of man
in ____ _______ _________ ____ ___ ______ Kant claimed that there were four human races, each of which had derived from an original race; the closest descendants of the original race were the white inhabitants of northern Germany
Theodicy
in this writing Leibniz declared that ours must be the best of all possible worlds because it was created by an omnipotent and benevolent God
coveted
invitations to salons were highly _______
intellectuals
kant argued that if ___________ were granted freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost certainly follow
religious truth
other people asked if _______ ______ could ever be known w/ absolute certainty and concluded that it could not
truth and morality
people began to look at _______ and _______ in relative rather than absolute terms
common undertaking
philosophes felt that they were engaged in a ______ ________ that transcended individuals
elites
the french philosophes made it their goals to reach a larger audience of ____, many of whom were joined together in a concept inherited from the Renaissance known as the Republic of Letters
international conversation
with broad ___________ _________, scholars have identified regional and national particularities
gender roles
Rosseau called for a rigid division of ________ _______
theory of moral sentiments
the ________ ___ _______ ____________ was written by smith and argued that the thriving commercial life of the 18th century produced civic virtue through which the values of competition, fair play and individual astronomy
idea of progress
the ________ ____ _______, Enlightenment thinkers believed that is was at least possible for human beings to create better societies and better people
scottish enlightenment
the _________ ________ centered in Edinburgh and was marked by an emphasis on common sense and scientific reason
republic of letters
the __________ ___ ________ was an imaginary transnational realm of the well educated
Italian state
the __________ ______ was regarded as culturally backwards
catholic enlightenment
the __________ _________ aimed to renew and reform the church from within, looking to divine grace rather than human will as the source of progress
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
the __________ __________ _________ __________ was written by John Locke where he set forth a new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas. It contributed to the theory of sensationalism
greater knowledge
Encyclopedists were convinced that _________ __________ would result in greater human happiness b/c knowledge was useful and made possible economic, social and political progress
Christian theology
Enlightenment ideas were debated in the German-speaking states often in dialogue w/ ________ ________
british north america
Enlightenment in _____ ____ ________ was heavily influenced by English and Scottish thinkers
contact
Enlightenment was fueld by Europe's increased _______ with the wider world
race
Euroepans now grouped each other according to _____ instead of people being grouped into nations based on their historical, political and cultural affiliations
books
European production and consumption of ________ grew significantly
superior
Europeans were now biologically ___________ according to emerging ideas about racial differences
hub
France became a ____ of Enlightenment thought
international language
French was the ____________ ________ of the educated classes, and France was the wealthiest and most populous country in Europe
impressions
Hume built on Locke's teachings and argued that the human mind is really nothing but a bundle of ________ and that these __________ originate only in sensory experiences and our habits of joining these experiences together
rationalistic inquiry
Hume's __________ _________ ended up undermining the Enlightenment's faith in the power of reason
revolutionary
Kant was no __________ he insisted that in their private lives individuals must obey all laws, no matter how unreasonable and should be punished for impertinent criticism
refuted
Leibniz _____ both Cartesian dualism and Spinoza's monism
monads
Leibniz developed the idea of ________ which is an infinite number of substances from which all matter is composed
unequal education
Madame du Chatelet had not doubt that women's limited role in science was due to ______ _________
physics and mathematics
Madame du Chatelet studied _______ and ___________ and published scientific articles and translations including the first/only translation of Newton's Principalia into French
Royal Academy of Sciences
Madame du Chatlet was excluded from the __________ ____________ ___ _________ b/c she was a woman
balance of powers
Montesquieu admire the ___________ ___ _______ in England
separation of powers
Montesquieu argued for a __________ __ ________ with political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates
13 high courts
Montesquieu believed that in France the ___ ______ ______ were frontline defenders of liberty against royal despotism
absolutism
Montesquieu did not like the growth of ______ under Louis XIV
history and geography
Montesquieu focused on the conditions that would promote liberty and prevent tyranny b/c he knew that forms of govt. were shaped by _________ and __________
privileged women
Rossau's criticism led to calls for ________ ________ to renounce their frivolous ways and stay at home to care for their children
rationalism and civilization
Rosseau attacked ______________ and ____________ as destroyed rather than liberating the individual
excommunicated
Spinoza was ________ by the large Jewish community of Amsterdam b/c of his controversial religious ideas but was heralded by his Enlightenment successors as a model of personal virtue and courageous intellectual autonomy
The Spirit of Laws
_____ _______ __ ______ set out to apply the critical method to the problem of govt. which resulted in a complex, comparative study of republics, monarchies and despotisms
adam smith
______ _____ was a major figure of the scottish enlightenment
reforms
The rising unpopularity of King Louis XIV & his mistresses created growing discontent and calls for _____ among the educated elite
Madame du Chatelet
____________ __ _________ was a noblewoman with a passion for science
King Frederick the Great
Voltaire admire ______ _________ ___ ______ of Prussia as an enlightened monarch
good monarch
Voltaire concluded that the best one could hope for in the way of govt. was a ______ _______
equality
Voltaire did not believed in social and economic _______
religious intolerance
Voltaire hated all forms of ________ ______ b/c he believed it led to fanaticism
Newton
Voltaire lauded(praised) ______ as history's greatest man b/c he had used his genius for the benefit of humanity
individuals and institutions
Voltaire mixed glorification of science and reason w/ an appeal for better _______ and _________
England
Voltaire moved to ____ for 3 years to avoid a longer prison term in France
2
Voltaire was arrested on __ occasions for insulting noblemen
science
Voltaire wrote works praising England and popularizing English _______
challenged
Voltaire's writings ______ the Catholic Church and Christian theology - believed in God as akin to a clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to interrupt human affairs
The Encyclopedia
___ ______________ was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Ron D'Alembert; it set out to teach people how to think critically and objectively about all manners; contained 72 thousand articles which treated every aspect of life and knowledge
the system of nature
____ _____________ ___ _______ was written by a Swedish botanist Carl con Linne where he argued that nature was organized into a God-given hierarchy
Tabula Rasa
______ ______ is the belief that the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet on which the environment writes the individual's understandings and beliefs, human development is therefore determined by education and social institutions
Kant
______ taught and wrote about anthropology, geography, standard philosophical themes such as logic, metaphysics and moral philosophy
rococo
______ was a popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
history of the two indies
_______ __ _____ ____ _______fiercely attacked slavery and the abuses of European colonization (writing)
denis diderot
_______ ______ adopted Montesquieu's technique of criticizing European attitudes through the voice of outsiders in his dialogue between Tahitian villagers and their European visitors
John Locke
_______ ______ provided a systematic justification of Bacon's emphasis on the importance of observation and experimentation by laying emphasis on the role of perception in the acquisition of knowledge
Immanuel Kant
_______ ______ was a professor in East Prussia who was the greatest German philosopher of his day
medieval thinkers
_______ _______ had been concerned primarily with abstract concepts of sin and salvation
james beattie
_______ _______ was a Scottish philosopher who responded directly to claims of white superiority by pointing out that Europeans had started out as savage as non whites supposedly were and that many non-European peoples had achieved high levels of civilization
baruch spinoza
_______ _______ was a dutch jewish philosopher who borrowed Descartes's emphasis on rationalism and his methods of deductive reasoning but rejected the French thinker's mind-body dualism
lending libraries
_______ ________ served an important function for people who could not afford their own books
the Persian letters
_______ __________ _____ was written by Montesquieu and was an extremely influential social satire published in 1721 which was considered the first major work of the French Enlightenment
candide or optimism
________ _ ________ was written by Voltaire and ridiculed Leibniz's opinion
madame du deffand
________ ___ _________ was best known for her weekly parisian salons which included many famous guests
cesare beccaria
________ ______ of northern italy, a nobleman educated at Jesuit schools and the University of Pavia
Gotfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
________ _______ ___ _______ was a German philosopher and mathematician who developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton
Francois Marie Arouet
________ _______ ______ became known as Voltaire
scientific racism
________ _______ helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the 18th century
david hume
________ _______ put an emphasis on civic morality and religious skepticism which had a powerful impact at home and abroad
former slaves
________ ________ published eloquent memoirs testifying to the horrors of slavery and the innate equality of all humans
outside France
________ ________ strains of Enlightenment(Protestant, Catholic, Jewish) sought to reconcile reason with faith, rather than emphasizing the errors of religious fanaticism and intolerance
pierre bayle
________ ________ was a French Protestant/Huguenot who took refuge from govt. persecution in the tolerant dutch republic
public sphere
________ ________ was an idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economic and politics
Two Treatises of Civil Government
________ ___________ ___ ________ __________ was written by Locke and insisted on the sovereignty of the elected Parliament against the authority of the Crown
europeans
________ shaved their faces and let their hair grow
turks
________ shaved their hair and let their beards grow
Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
_________ _______ and __________ _________ were leaders of the American Enlightenment who played a leading role in the American Revolution
enlightenment thinkers
_________ _________ believed that the era had gone far beyond antiquity and that intellectual progress was very possible
Rousseau
_________ contributed articles on music to the Encyclopedia and became friends w/ the editors
salonnieres
_________ were women who hosted the salons
Voltaire
_________ wrote almost 18, 000 letters to people in France and across Europe
sensationalism
__________ is the idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions
philosophes
__________ were a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of the Enlightenment
conversation, discussion, debate
__________, _________ and __________ played a critical role in the Enlightenment
comte de Buffon
___________ ___ _________ argued that humans originated w/ one species that then developed into distinct races due largely to climatic conditions
renaissance humanists
___________ ________ had drawn their inspiration from the classical past
subordinate
according to Rosseau women should be ________ in social life b/c they were destined by nature to pursue a passive role in sexual relations
taxonomies
scientists developed __________ of plants and animal species and started to classify humans into hierarchically ordered races and to investigate the origins of race
educational
scottish intellectual revival also stimulated by the creation of the first public _______ system in Europe
ideological conformity
some people asked whether _______ _______ in religious matters was really necessary
civilization and decency
some philosophes championed greater rights and expanded education for women, claiming that the position and treatment of women were the best indicators of a society's level of _________ and ________
international networks
the Enlightenment came from a mix of diverse and conflicting ideas which were debated in ___________ _________
salon
the _____ was a regular gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy
thirty years war
the _______ ______ ____ brought about skepticism
scientific method
the _______ ______ was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature
scientific revolution
the _______ _________ generated doubt and uncertainty which contributed to a widespread crisis in late 17th century European thought
dictionary
the _______ was written by Pierre Bayle and was very influential; it was found in more private libraries of the 18th century France than any other book
kingdom of naples
the ________ __ ________ entered a period of intellectual expansion as reformers struggled to lift the heavy weight of church and noble power
political
the atmosphere of doubt spread from religious to _______ b/c many rulers viewed religious dissent as a form of political opposition and took harsh measures to stifle unorthodox ways of worship
Enlightenment
the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method and progress
reason
the methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be subjected to rationalism
beliefs and customs
the rapidly growing literature taught Europeans that the peoples of different countries all had their own very different ______ and _______
reading revolution
the transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse'; reading became individual and silent
monism
there is only one substance in the universe