Chapter 16: Reproductive System

Gametes have only ___ chromosomes (1 set) = ____(n)

23; haploid

___ forms of cell division occur during the human life cycle. They are ____ and ___

2; mitosis; meiosis

Bacterial disease can be treated with antibiotic

CHLAMYDIA. GONNORHEA AND SYPHILIS

_______ is the narrow neck of the uterus, it projects into the vagina.

Cervix

What is the common caner for women?

Cervix Cancer

The head of the sperm contains _____

DNA

__________ and ________ are responsible for the secondary characteristics.

Estrogen and progesterone

____ increases during follicular phase (maturation of the follicle)

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

What is the hormone that is detected in pregnancy test?

HCG

STDS

HIV attacks helper T-cells: if they stop working, the entire immune response is turned off

viral disease examples

HIV, GENTIAL WARTS, GENTIAL HERPES

What can woman pass onto a fetus?

Herpes can be passed during birth; it can even kill the fetus

____ surge triggers ovulation (release of a mature egg) around day 14 of a 28 day cycle.

LH (lutenizing hormone)

Luteal phase

LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum, which secretes high levels of preogesterone and some estrogen

________ the removal of a few cells from the _______ for microscopic examination.

Pap test; Cervix.

_______ involves ________ resulting in four functional sperm.

Spermatogenesis; meiosis

What does the Acrosome (sperm) contains?

a cap on the head of a sperm which covers the nucleus and store enzymes needed to penetrate the egg

Semen is slightly _____ and contains ____ to provide ______ for sperm

alkaine; sugar; energy

treatment of infertility

artificial insemination which is the placement of sperm into the vagina.

What are the secondary characteristic for estrogen and progesterone?

axiliary and pubic hair; greater fat accumulation under the skin; breast development; wider pelvis

hormonal control

birth control pills, contraceptive injection and contraceptive implants prevent ovulation

condoms(male and female)

block fertilization . the diaphragm is a soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterus

Sperm die at ______ _________.

body temperature

viral disease

cannot be treated with antibiotics, but there are some antivirals

Herpes

caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be gential, very contagious, even if no sores present. When sores heal, the virus goes into dormacy can be reactivated by stress and form more blisters.

Gential Warts

caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) often in a location that can't be seen (cervix, vagina) causes 90% of cervical cancers, 30% of penile cancer.

What is it called the removal of the foreskin

circumcision

invitro fertilization

conception in a lab dish

urethra

conducts sperm from ejaculatory duct; receives urine from the bladder

tubal ligation

consist of cutting and sealing the oviducts

vasectomy

consist of cutting and sealing the vas deferens

What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?

contains mitochondria to supple sperm with ATP

The follicle then develops into _______ ________, a gland like structure.

corpus luteum

Labia Majora

covered with skin and hair

What happens where there is a decreased number of helper t-cells?

decreases the immune function which causes oppurtunistic disease those that normally wouldn't cause illness(in a healthy person)

mitosis is a _______ cycle division that produces _____ daughter cells (46 chromosomes diploids)

duplication; identical

oogenesis

egg production

oocyte

egg; contained within a follicle

sperm leaves the penis during ______ in a fluid called _____.

ejaculation; semen

pregnancy

embryo produces human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) which maintains the corpus luteum

Clitoris contains ______ tissue that becomes ______ with blood during __________ stimulation.

erectile; engorged; sexual

How is testosterone used?

essential for development and function of male sex organs, brings about and maintains secondary sex characteristics

Vulva

external genitalia

What is Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

failure of the penis to achieve or maintain erection suitable for intercourse

infertility

failure to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse

if the egg is not ______, the corpus luteum ________.

fertilized; disintegrates

Syphilis

first, the site of infection forms a lesion then a rash forms all over the body, which breaks open and oozes (each bump of the rash is full of millions of bacteria) finally huge lesions form in various locations in the body

What does the tail of the sperm do?

flagella which propel the sperm

One ________ matures each _____ from puberty until _____ (end of ovarian and uterine cycle)

follicle; month; menopause

An ovary contains many _________

follicles.

mitosis is important in ______ and _______ of tissue

growth; repair

The _________controls the ovaries by releasing GnRH.

hypothalamus

ectopic pregnancy (disease)

if an fertilized egg implants else where commonly oviduct, causes extreme bleeding and death

Vagina

important during sexual intercourse and birth canal.

Endometrium

is the innermost layer of the uterus that thickens to accept an embryo.

what does the corpus luteum do?

keeps secreting progesterone, so the endometrium does not shed.

What are testosterone effects?

longer legs, deep voice, prominent adam's apple, facial hair, chest hair, muscular development.

Day 1 - 5 of uterine cycle

low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause inner uterine/lining endometrium to disintegrate and menstruation occurs

most common causes of infertility

low sperm count, often caused by envirmental factor

Labia minora

made up of mucous membrae

What is testosterone?

male sex hormone

Follicle _______ during the __________cycle.

matures; ovarian

After ______, haploid cells develop into either sperm or egg

meiosis

Vagina allows

menstrual flow to exit.

Abstinence

not engaging in sexual interocurse

Chlamydia

often has no symptoms, so drastically increasing numbers in cases. causes PID in females, often causing sterility, ecotopic pregnancy

How much is needed from a male and female for an offspring?

one-half of the DNA

Cells that lined ______ have cilia to push the ____ toward the _______.

oviducts; ovum; uterus

Day 14 of uterine cycle

ovulation usually occurs, corpus luteum (scar tissue of follicle) releasing progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.

Fallopian tubes transport ________ to the _________.

ovum (oocyte); uterus.

Gonnorhea symptoms:

pain during urination, PID, or even no symptoms

How is ED caused by?

poor blood flow, medication, illnesses

endometriosis

presence of uterine tissue outside the uterus, can block uterine tubes, can cause infertility

Day 6-13 of uterine cycle

pro liferative phase, increase in estrogen causes endometrium to thickens

meiosis is a _______ division that produces ______ with half the DNA (23 chromosomes = haploid)

reduction; gametes

Testes are located within the ______.

scrotum

day 15-28 of uterine cycle

secretory phase: increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double of triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo.

Semen is composed of sperm and secretion from three glands;

seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

Sperm are produced at puberty in the _______________.

seminiferous tubules

Testes

serve as the site of sperm production; sex hormone production

What is the penis used for?

sexual intercourse to transfer the sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Parts of the penis

shaft, glans penis (enlarged tip of the penis), foreskin.

Epididymis

site of sperm maturation

IUD

small plastic piece inserted into the uterus by a physician to dislodge a fetus

Uterine wall

smooth muscle to stretch

Gametes

sperm and eggs

Spermatogenisis:

sperm production

Following ________, sperm must undergo a _________ process.

spermatogenesis; maturation

Gonadotropin- relasing hormone ( GnRH)

stimulates anterior pituitary to produce follicle- stimulating hirmone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Scrotum maintains _______ of testes

temperature

The male gonads are paired ______

testes

Gonads

testes or ovaries produce gametes

What happens if the egg isn't fertilized?

the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down.

Day 1 of the Uterine Cycle =

the first day of menstrual flow

Follicular phase

the first half of the cycle

clitoris

the organ of sexual arousal in females

Vas deferens

tubes that lead from epididymis to urethra; conduct and store sperm

fertilization

union of a sperm and egg// normally occurs in an oviduct

How can ED be treated by?

viagra (vasodilator)

Ovulation

when a secondary oocyte is released from the follicle

When do AIDS occur?

when these infections take hold

during fertilization, a sperm and an egg combine to form a _____ (fertilized ovum) and the chromosomes number is restored to the ____ (Zn) number of 46.

zygote; diploid

the ____ undergoes many rounds of cell division to create the offspring, the body cells of which are ____, containing __ sets of chromosomes ( 1 set from each parent)

zygote; diploid; 2