Chapter 16: Reproductive System
Gametes have only ___ chromosomes (1 set) = ____(n)
23; haploid
___ forms of cell division occur during the human life cycle. They are ____ and ___
2; mitosis; meiosis
Bacterial disease can be treated with antibiotic
CHLAMYDIA. GONNORHEA AND SYPHILIS
_______ is the narrow neck of the uterus, it projects into the vagina.
Cervix
What is the common caner for women?
Cervix Cancer
The head of the sperm contains _____
DNA
__________ and ________ are responsible for the secondary characteristics.
Estrogen and progesterone
____ increases during follicular phase (maturation of the follicle)
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
What is the hormone that is detected in pregnancy test?
HCG
STDS
HIV attacks helper T-cells: if they stop working, the entire immune response is turned off
viral disease examples
HIV, GENTIAL WARTS, GENTIAL HERPES
What can woman pass onto a fetus?
Herpes can be passed during birth; it can even kill the fetus
____ surge triggers ovulation (release of a mature egg) around day 14 of a 28 day cycle.
LH (lutenizing hormone)
Luteal phase
LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum, which secretes high levels of preogesterone and some estrogen
________ the removal of a few cells from the _______ for microscopic examination.
Pap test; Cervix.
_______ involves ________ resulting in four functional sperm.
Spermatogenesis; meiosis
What does the Acrosome (sperm) contains?
a cap on the head of a sperm which covers the nucleus and store enzymes needed to penetrate the egg
Semen is slightly _____ and contains ____ to provide ______ for sperm
alkaine; sugar; energy
treatment of infertility
artificial insemination which is the placement of sperm into the vagina.
What are the secondary characteristic for estrogen and progesterone?
axiliary and pubic hair; greater fat accumulation under the skin; breast development; wider pelvis
hormonal control
birth control pills, contraceptive injection and contraceptive implants prevent ovulation
condoms(male and female)
block fertilization . the diaphragm is a soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterus
Sperm die at ______ _________.
body temperature
viral disease
cannot be treated with antibiotics, but there are some antivirals
Herpes
caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be gential, very contagious, even if no sores present. When sores heal, the virus goes into dormacy can be reactivated by stress and form more blisters.
Gential Warts
caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) often in a location that can't be seen (cervix, vagina) causes 90% of cervical cancers, 30% of penile cancer.
What is it called the removal of the foreskin
circumcision
invitro fertilization
conception in a lab dish
urethra
conducts sperm from ejaculatory duct; receives urine from the bladder
tubal ligation
consist of cutting and sealing the oviducts
vasectomy
consist of cutting and sealing the vas deferens
What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?
contains mitochondria to supple sperm with ATP
The follicle then develops into _______ ________, a gland like structure.
corpus luteum
Labia Majora
covered with skin and hair
What happens where there is a decreased number of helper t-cells?
decreases the immune function which causes oppurtunistic disease those that normally wouldn't cause illness(in a healthy person)
mitosis is a _______ cycle division that produces _____ daughter cells (46 chromosomes diploids)
duplication; identical
oogenesis
egg production
oocyte
egg; contained within a follicle
sperm leaves the penis during ______ in a fluid called _____.
ejaculation; semen
pregnancy
embryo produces human chronic gonadotropin (HCG) which maintains the corpus luteum
Clitoris contains ______ tissue that becomes ______ with blood during __________ stimulation.
erectile; engorged; sexual
How is testosterone used?
essential for development and function of male sex organs, brings about and maintains secondary sex characteristics
Vulva
external genitalia
What is Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
failure of the penis to achieve or maintain erection suitable for intercourse
infertility
failure to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse
if the egg is not ______, the corpus luteum ________.
fertilized; disintegrates
Syphilis
first, the site of infection forms a lesion then a rash forms all over the body, which breaks open and oozes (each bump of the rash is full of millions of bacteria) finally huge lesions form in various locations in the body
What does the tail of the sperm do?
flagella which propel the sperm
One ________ matures each _____ from puberty until _____ (end of ovarian and uterine cycle)
follicle; month; menopause
An ovary contains many _________
follicles.
mitosis is important in ______ and _______ of tissue
growth; repair
The _________controls the ovaries by releasing GnRH.
hypothalamus
ectopic pregnancy (disease)
if an fertilized egg implants else where commonly oviduct, causes extreme bleeding and death
Vagina
important during sexual intercourse and birth canal.
Endometrium
is the innermost layer of the uterus that thickens to accept an embryo.
what does the corpus luteum do?
keeps secreting progesterone, so the endometrium does not shed.
What are testosterone effects?
longer legs, deep voice, prominent adam's apple, facial hair, chest hair, muscular development.
Day 1 - 5 of uterine cycle
low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause inner uterine/lining endometrium to disintegrate and menstruation occurs
most common causes of infertility
low sperm count, often caused by envirmental factor
Labia minora
made up of mucous membrae
What is testosterone?
male sex hormone
Follicle _______ during the __________cycle.
matures; ovarian
After ______, haploid cells develop into either sperm or egg
meiosis
Vagina allows
menstrual flow to exit.
Abstinence
not engaging in sexual interocurse
Chlamydia
often has no symptoms, so drastically increasing numbers in cases. causes PID in females, often causing sterility, ecotopic pregnancy
How much is needed from a male and female for an offspring?
one-half of the DNA
Cells that lined ______ have cilia to push the ____ toward the _______.
oviducts; ovum; uterus
Day 14 of uterine cycle
ovulation usually occurs, corpus luteum (scar tissue of follicle) releasing progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.
Fallopian tubes transport ________ to the _________.
ovum (oocyte); uterus.
Gonnorhea symptoms:
pain during urination, PID, or even no symptoms
How is ED caused by?
poor blood flow, medication, illnesses
endometriosis
presence of uterine tissue outside the uterus, can block uterine tubes, can cause infertility
Day 6-13 of uterine cycle
pro liferative phase, increase in estrogen causes endometrium to thickens
meiosis is a _______ division that produces ______ with half the DNA (23 chromosomes = haploid)
reduction; gametes
Testes are located within the ______.
scrotum
day 15-28 of uterine cycle
secretory phase: increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double of triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo.
Semen is composed of sperm and secretion from three glands;
seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
Sperm are produced at puberty in the _______________.
seminiferous tubules
Testes
serve as the site of sperm production; sex hormone production
What is the penis used for?
sexual intercourse to transfer the sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Parts of the penis
shaft, glans penis (enlarged tip of the penis), foreskin.
Epididymis
site of sperm maturation
IUD
small plastic piece inserted into the uterus by a physician to dislodge a fetus
Uterine wall
smooth muscle to stretch
Gametes
sperm and eggs
Spermatogenisis:
sperm production
Following ________, sperm must undergo a _________ process.
spermatogenesis; maturation
Gonadotropin- relasing hormone ( GnRH)
stimulates anterior pituitary to produce follicle- stimulating hirmone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Scrotum maintains _______ of testes
temperature
The male gonads are paired ______
testes
Gonads
testes or ovaries produce gametes
What happens if the egg isn't fertilized?
the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down.
Day 1 of the Uterine Cycle =
the first day of menstrual flow
Follicular phase
the first half of the cycle
clitoris
the organ of sexual arousal in females
Vas deferens
tubes that lead from epididymis to urethra; conduct and store sperm
fertilization
union of a sperm and egg// normally occurs in an oviduct
How can ED be treated by?
viagra (vasodilator)
Ovulation
when a secondary oocyte is released from the follicle
When do AIDS occur?
when these infections take hold
during fertilization, a sperm and an egg combine to form a _____ (fertilized ovum) and the chromosomes number is restored to the ____ (Zn) number of 46.
zygote; diploid
the ____ undergoes many rounds of cell division to create the offspring, the body cells of which are ____, containing __ sets of chromosomes ( 1 set from each parent)
zygote; diploid; 2