Chapter 16 Review Questions (REVISED)

Food is initially ground and torn into smaller pieces by the teeth. Typically, adults have _____ incisors, _____ cuspids, _____ bicuspids, and _____ molars.

8, 4, 8, 12

________________, synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, emulsify fats so they can be digested and absorbed properly.

Bile salts

The horizontal segment of the colon that begins at the inferior margin of the liver is the

transverse colon.

An enzyme that digests proteins into short peptide chains is

trypsin.

The dangling structure at the posterior midregion of the soft palate is the ________________.

uvula

In order for digested nutrients to leave the small intestine and enter the bloodstream, the nutrients must be absorbed by the

villi.

Digested fats are absorbed into the ________________ and then enter the ________________.

villi; lacteals

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is

CCK.

Label the Large Instestine.

Check page 329.

The hormone that causes the release of insulin into the bloodstream when glucose is present in the small intestine is

GIP.

Parietal cells secrete ________________ and ________________.

HCl; intrinsic factor

Dehydration is more common in the elderly for several reasons, including

a decline in osmoreceptor sensitivity.

The greater omentum is

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitium is ________________.

absorption

The major functions of the large intestine are

absorption and preparation of fecal material for elimination.

Of the following selections, the one that is not a function of the stomach is

absorption of nutrients.

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to

activate enzymes involved in protein digestion.

The small, fingerlike structure attached to the "blind" end of the cecum is the ________________.

appendix

The proper sequence of swallowing involves three sequential phases consisting of the

buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.

If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual

cannot eat or speak normally.

Salivary amylase, which is secreted in the mouth, aids in the digestion of

carbohydrate.

Salivary amylase is an enzyme, produced and released by the salivary glands, that partially digests

carbohydrates.

The portion of the stomach that connects to the esophagus is the ________________.

cardia

The ________________ system delivers nutrients and toxins to the liver from the digestive tract.

cardiovascular

The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the ________________.

cecum

The three parts of the large intestine are the

cecum, colon, and rectum.

The ________________ phase of gastric secretion begins with the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food.

cephalic

The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called

chemical digestion.

Protein digestion in the stomach results primarily from secretions released by

chief cells.

Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of

cholecystokinin.

The duodenal hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes is

cholecystokinin.

The hormone that causes the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes into the small intestine is

cholecystokinin.

Modifications of the mucosa of the small intestine that allow for an increase in surface area are the

circular folds.

Weaker peristaltic contractions in the elderly result in more frequent

constipation.

Pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and shredding are ________________.

cuspids

Distension of the rectum triggers the

defecation reflex.

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is

digestion.

The production of acid and enzymes by the stomach mucosa is regulated by

digestive tract hormones. reflexes within the wall of the digestive tract. the central nervous system..

The gastric phase of secretion is initiated by

distension of the stomach. an increase in the pH of the gastric contents. the presence of undigested materials in the stomach.

The three divisions of the small intestine are

duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

During the swallowing process, the ________________ closes off the ________________.

epiglottis; trachea

The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity through an opening in the diaphragm called the ________________.

esophageal hiatus

The digestive tube between the pharynx and the stomach is the

esophagus.

The elimination of waste products from the body is ________________.

excretion

The bulge of the greater curvature of the stomach superior to the esophageal junction is the ________________.

fundus

Bile is stored in the ________________.

gallbladder

The basic functional unit of the liver is the ________________.

gallbladder

The ________________ phase of gastric secretion begins when food enters the stomach.

gastric

The intestinal hormone that stimulates parietal cells and chief cells in the stomach to secrete is

gastrin.

In the small intestine, immediate acceleration of glandular secretions and peristaltic activity in all intestinal segments is initiated by the

gastrocentric reflex.

The external pouches of the large intestine are called ________________.

haustra

Secretions from the salivary glands

help control bacterial populations in the mouth.

The liver cells that are arranged into a series of irregular plates like the spokes of a wheel are called ________________.

hepatocytes

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by

hormonal mechanisms. local mechanisms. neural mechanisms.

Blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or chopping are ________________.

incisors

In the small intestine, fingerlike projections called villi are formed by the mucosa and serve to

increase the area for absorption.

The ________________ phase of gastric secretion begins when chyme first enters the small intestine.

intestinal

The bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occurs in the

jejunum.

Enzymes involved in fat digestion are called

lipases.

The pancreas produces and releases

lipases. pancreatic amylase. proteases.

Active contraction of the ________________ prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus.

lower esophageal sphincter.

Dietary fats are absorbed into lacteals, which are part of the ________________ system.

lymphatic

Movement from the transverse colon through the rest of the large intestine results from peristaltic contractions called

mass movements.

The physical manipulation of solid foods by the tongue and teeth and the swirling and mixing motions of the digestive tract is called

mechanical processing.

Double sheets of serous membrane composed of the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum are called the

mesenteries.

The essential physiological service(s) provided by the liver is (are)

metabolic regulation. hematological regulation. bile production.

The primary function(s) of the liver include(s)

metabolic regulation. hematological regulation. synthesis and secretion of bile.

Teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for grinding are _______________

molars

The layer of the intestinal wall that contracts and changes the shape of the intestinal lumen to move food along its length is the

muscularis externa.

The types of cancer most common in the elderly who smoke are

oral and pharyngeal.

The correct sequence of a food particle moving through the digestive tract is

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Most of the volume of intestinal juice comes from ________________ of water out of the mucosa; the remaining volume is supplied by secretions from ________________.

osmosis; intestinal glands

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini.

The layer of the peritoneum that lines the inner surfaces of the body wall is the

parietal peritoneum.

The gland that empties into the upper regions of the oral cavity is the ________________.

parotid

Chief cells secrete ________________.

pepsinogen

Age-related changes in the digestive epithelium of the elderly may increase susceptibility to damage by abrasion, acids, or enzymes, increasing the likelihood of

peptic ulcers.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract from one point to another are called

peristalsis.

Gastric pits are

pockets in the lining of the stomach that contain secretory cells.

The enzyme pepsin is involved in the digestion of ________________.

proteins

The part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine is the ________________.

pylorus

The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are)

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. absorption of vitamins produced by bacterial action. storage of fecal material prior to defecation.

The prominent ridges and folds in the lining of the stomach are called ________________.

rugae

Of the following groups of structures, the one that contains only accessory structures is

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

A decrease in pH in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of

secretin.

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery secretion that is high in bicarbonate ions is

secretin.

The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive tract and accessory organs is ________________.

secretion

Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive materials are called

segmentation.

The part of the colon that empties into the rectum is the

sigmoid colon.

Most of the digestive tract is lined by

simple columnar epithelium.

The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin are released by the

small intestine.

The part of the gastrointestinal tract that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is the

small intestine.

During swallowing, the

soft palate elevates. larynx elevates. epiglottis closes.

Which of the following organs is not a part of the digestive system?

spleen.

Where mechanical stresses are most severe, such as in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus, the digestive tract is lined by

stratified squamous epithelium.

The layer of dense irregular connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a network of nerve fibers, sensory neurons, and parasympathetic motor neurons is the

submucosa.

Once a bolus of food has entered the laryngopharynx, swallowing continues involuntarily due to the

swallowing reflex.

The three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle located beneath the outer surface of the serosa of the colon are the ________________.

taeniae coli

Functions of the tongue include

the initial digestion of lipids and carbohydrates. mechanical processing of food. lubrication and evaluation of material before swallowing.

The functions of the oral cavity include

the initial digestion of lipids and carbohydrates. mechanical processing of food. lubrication and evaluation of material before swallowing.