Chapter 16 Review Questions (REVISED)
Food is initially ground and torn into smaller pieces by the teeth. Typically, adults have _____ incisors, _____ cuspids, _____ bicuspids, and _____ molars.
8, 4, 8, 12
________________, synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, emulsify fats so they can be digested and absorbed properly.
Bile salts
The horizontal segment of the colon that begins at the inferior margin of the liver is the
transverse colon.
An enzyme that digests proteins into short peptide chains is
trypsin.
The dangling structure at the posterior midregion of the soft palate is the ________________.
uvula
In order for digested nutrients to leave the small intestine and enter the bloodstream, the nutrients must be absorbed by the
villi.
Digested fats are absorbed into the ________________ and then enter the ________________.
villi; lacteals
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is
CCK.
Label the Large Instestine.
Check page 329.
The hormone that causes the release of insulin into the bloodstream when glucose is present in the small intestine is
GIP.
Parietal cells secrete ________________ and ________________.
HCl; intrinsic factor
Dehydration is more common in the elderly for several reasons, including
a decline in osmoreceptor sensitivity.
The greater omentum is
a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.
The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitium is ________________.
absorption
The major functions of the large intestine are
absorption and preparation of fecal material for elimination.
Of the following selections, the one that is not a function of the stomach is
absorption of nutrients.
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to
activate enzymes involved in protein digestion.
The small, fingerlike structure attached to the "blind" end of the cecum is the ________________.
appendix
The proper sequence of swallowing involves three sequential phases consisting of the
buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.
If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual
cannot eat or speak normally.
Salivary amylase, which is secreted in the mouth, aids in the digestion of
carbohydrate.
Salivary amylase is an enzyme, produced and released by the salivary glands, that partially digests
carbohydrates.
The portion of the stomach that connects to the esophagus is the ________________.
cardia
The ________________ system delivers nutrients and toxins to the liver from the digestive tract.
cardiovascular
The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the ________________.
cecum
The three parts of the large intestine are the
cecum, colon, and rectum.
The ________________ phase of gastric secretion begins with the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food.
cephalic
The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called
chemical digestion.
Protein digestion in the stomach results primarily from secretions released by
chief cells.
Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of
cholecystokinin.
The duodenal hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes is
cholecystokinin.
The hormone that causes the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes into the small intestine is
cholecystokinin.
Modifications of the mucosa of the small intestine that allow for an increase in surface area are the
circular folds.
Weaker peristaltic contractions in the elderly result in more frequent
constipation.
Pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and shredding are ________________.
cuspids
Distension of the rectum triggers the
defecation reflex.
The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is
digestion.
The production of acid and enzymes by the stomach mucosa is regulated by
digestive tract hormones. reflexes within the wall of the digestive tract. the central nervous system..
The gastric phase of secretion is initiated by
distension of the stomach. an increase in the pH of the gastric contents. the presence of undigested materials in the stomach.
The three divisions of the small intestine are
duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
During the swallowing process, the ________________ closes off the ________________.
epiglottis; trachea
The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity through an opening in the diaphragm called the ________________.
esophageal hiatus
The digestive tube between the pharynx and the stomach is the
esophagus.
The elimination of waste products from the body is ________________.
excretion
The bulge of the greater curvature of the stomach superior to the esophageal junction is the ________________.
fundus
Bile is stored in the ________________.
gallbladder
The basic functional unit of the liver is the ________________.
gallbladder
The ________________ phase of gastric secretion begins when food enters the stomach.
gastric
The intestinal hormone that stimulates parietal cells and chief cells in the stomach to secrete is
gastrin.
In the small intestine, immediate acceleration of glandular secretions and peristaltic activity in all intestinal segments is initiated by the
gastrocentric reflex.
The external pouches of the large intestine are called ________________.
haustra
Secretions from the salivary glands
help control bacterial populations in the mouth.
The liver cells that are arranged into a series of irregular plates like the spokes of a wheel are called ________________.
hepatocytes
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by
hormonal mechanisms. local mechanisms. neural mechanisms.
Blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or chopping are ________________.
incisors
In the small intestine, fingerlike projections called villi are formed by the mucosa and serve to
increase the area for absorption.
The ________________ phase of gastric secretion begins when chyme first enters the small intestine.
intestinal
The bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occurs in the
jejunum.
Enzymes involved in fat digestion are called
lipases.
The pancreas produces and releases
lipases. pancreatic amylase. proteases.
Active contraction of the ________________ prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus.
lower esophageal sphincter.
Dietary fats are absorbed into lacteals, which are part of the ________________ system.
lymphatic
Movement from the transverse colon through the rest of the large intestine results from peristaltic contractions called
mass movements.
The physical manipulation of solid foods by the tongue and teeth and the swirling and mixing motions of the digestive tract is called
mechanical processing.
Double sheets of serous membrane composed of the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum are called the
mesenteries.
The essential physiological service(s) provided by the liver is (are)
metabolic regulation. hematological regulation. bile production.
The primary function(s) of the liver include(s)
metabolic regulation. hematological regulation. synthesis and secretion of bile.
Teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for grinding are _______________
molars
The layer of the intestinal wall that contracts and changes the shape of the intestinal lumen to move food along its length is the
muscularis externa.
The types of cancer most common in the elderly who smoke are
oral and pharyngeal.
The correct sequence of a food particle moving through the digestive tract is
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
Most of the volume of intestinal juice comes from ________________ of water out of the mucosa; the remaining volume is supplied by secretions from ________________.
osmosis; intestinal glands
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
pancreatic acini.
The layer of the peritoneum that lines the inner surfaces of the body wall is the
parietal peritoneum.
The gland that empties into the upper regions of the oral cavity is the ________________.
parotid
Chief cells secrete ________________.
pepsinogen
Age-related changes in the digestive epithelium of the elderly may increase susceptibility to damage by abrasion, acids, or enzymes, increasing the likelihood of
peptic ulcers.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract from one point to another are called
peristalsis.
Gastric pits are
pockets in the lining of the stomach that contain secretory cells.
The enzyme pepsin is involved in the digestion of ________________.
proteins
The part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine is the ________________.
pylorus
The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are)
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. absorption of vitamins produced by bacterial action. storage of fecal material prior to defecation.
The prominent ridges and folds in the lining of the stomach are called ________________.
rugae
Of the following groups of structures, the one that contains only accessory structures is
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
A decrease in pH in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of
secretin.
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery secretion that is high in bicarbonate ions is
secretin.
The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive tract and accessory organs is ________________.
secretion
Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive materials are called
segmentation.
The part of the colon that empties into the rectum is the
sigmoid colon.
Most of the digestive tract is lined by
simple columnar epithelium.
The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin are released by the
small intestine.
The part of the gastrointestinal tract that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is the
small intestine.
During swallowing, the
soft palate elevates. larynx elevates. epiglottis closes.
Which of the following organs is not a part of the digestive system?
spleen.
Where mechanical stresses are most severe, such as in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus, the digestive tract is lined by
stratified squamous epithelium.
The layer of dense irregular connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a network of nerve fibers, sensory neurons, and parasympathetic motor neurons is the
submucosa.
Once a bolus of food has entered the laryngopharynx, swallowing continues involuntarily due to the
swallowing reflex.
The three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle located beneath the outer surface of the serosa of the colon are the ________________.
taeniae coli
Functions of the tongue include
the initial digestion of lipids and carbohydrates. mechanical processing of food. lubrication and evaluation of material before swallowing.
The functions of the oral cavity include
the initial digestion of lipids and carbohydrates. mechanical processing of food. lubrication and evaluation of material before swallowing.