Chapter 16 Study Guide

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

he sought to impose a new player book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

A vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy and rulers feared creating martyrs

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia; they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state.

Junkers

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

Stadholder

One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by

Stenka Razin

The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves.

Sultan

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol Khans

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other; could include constitutional monarchies or republics.

republics. constitutionalism

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the

the Fronde

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of

the Pyrenees

The Junkers were

the nobility and land-owning classes in Prussia

The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility.

Boyars

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

By "natural" rights Locke meant rights basic of all men because all have the ability to reason. Under a tyrannical government, the people have the natural right to rebellion.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles 1 imposed unwanted laws

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

Consolidation of serfdom

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Cossacks

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation.

Fronde

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers privileges, including their authority over the serfs

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists

What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state

The core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.

Janissary Corps

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly disease, which reduce the population significantly

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the state's power; it was based on the belief that a nation's wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver, determined its international power.

Mercantilism

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

Military Dictatorship

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each nation enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

Millet System

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or

Millet System

Louis XIV selected councilors from the

Newly ennobled or upper middle class

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.

Peace of Utrecht

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

What was the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

Poltava

The English military dictatorship (1653-58) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I.

Protectorate

Members of a sixteenth- and seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings.

Puritans

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.

Republicanism

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the 16th century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend universities.

Test Act

In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of

The House of Orange

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top

The Sultans Slave Corp

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

The intendants were solely responsible to the monarch; thus, as their power increased under Richelieu, so did the power of the centralized French state.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

The power of the monarch was absolute and prevented the civil war

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

english laws against Catholics would be eased and england gradually recatholicized

French Classicism

presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity