Chapter 16 - the lymphatic system

Indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens

- antibodies stimulate inflammation -antibodies directly attack the antigen - antibodies activate complement

Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens.

- carry out adaptive immune response - mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes - nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons

Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.

- occurs in red bone marrow - occurs throughout life

Which two phrases describe passive immunity?

- short termed immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date -occurs when a persons immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual

identify three age-related changes in the immune system

- the number of T cells diminish only slightly, although the response time declines, - decline begins early in life, due in part to shrinkage of the thymus, - with age, proportions of antibodies in different classes change (IgA and IgG increase, IgM and IgE decrease).

The class of immunoglobulin that is involved in allergic reactions is the class designated Ig

E

Which term describes immunity the results from the primary mean response with production of memory cells? It is a long lasting community

Active immunity

Which statement describes type lll hypersensitivity?

Antibodies-antigen complex is form and deposit in tissue

leukocytes called ___ lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their mutation

B

In order to be fully activated, most ____ cells require interaction with ___ cells

B; T

The type of adaptive immunity called ___ immunity is mediated by antibodies secretes by B cells

humoral

The general term for an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen is

hypersensitivity

Drugs that organ transplant patients take to decrease the chance of tissue rejection are called ___ drugs.

immunosuppressive

The thorax is drained by the ___ trunk and the ___ trunk

intercostal and bronchomediastinaly

Which lymphatic trunk drains the abdominal viscera?

intestinal trunk

Into which blood vessel does the thoracic duct empty?

left subclavian vein

Lost two locations where both B cells and at cells can be found.

lymph nodes and spleen

The two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are ___ and macrophages

lymphocytes

What cell type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize non self antigens?

lymphocytes

Plasma cells and ___ cells are products of activated B cell clone differentiation

memory

Upon subsequent exposure to antigen, cells called ______ T cells immediately divide to yield a large number of additional T cells (both helper and cytotoxic T cells) resulting in a secondary immune response.

memory

During a primary immune response, what type of cell results from the activation of B cells?

memory cells

How many immune response results in production of memory cells as well as antibodies against the antigen. Which of these persist longer in the body?

memory cells

The role of ___ is to live in the body for a long period of time, in order to respond to new exposures to a specific antigen that previously triggered an immune response

memory cells

Exposure to a live pathogen that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity?

natural acquired active immunity

The type of immunity developed as a result of the transfer of antibodies from mom to baby across the placenta and or through breast milk is called ______ acquired ____ immunity

naturally ; passive

Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph _____

nodes

Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells and viral infected cells by releasing proteins called _____

perforin

A(n) _____ cell is a differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secrete antibodies

plasma

The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ___ immune response

primary

Which type of immune response is slower to produce antibodies upon exposure to antigens?

primary immune response

The ___ is formed by the convergence of the eight jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk.

right lymphatic duct

Lymph from the upper limb is drained by the ___ trunk

subclavian

The right lymphatic duct empties into the right ___

subclavian vein

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.

Filtering potentially harmful partials from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream &&' monitoring body fluids (immune surveillance)

Explain the relationship between B cells and T cells.

Helper T cells are often required to fully activate B cells

What class of immunoglobulin is found in secretions of exocrine glands?

IgA

What class of antibody is associated with type 1 (immediate reaction) hypersensitivity?

IgE

Memory B cells produce large numbers of the immunoglobulin ___ during second and subsequent exposures to their antigens

IgG

What class of immunoglobulin activated complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules?

IgG

Compare IgG, IgA, and IgM with the other two classes (IgD and IgE). Which statement is true?

IgG, IgA, and IgM are more abundant in the body than IgD or IgE

Within the lymphatic pathway, the ___ trunks drain the neck and head

Jugular

The ____ antigens on the surface of macrophages help T cells recognize an antigen as foreign.

MHC

What cell type functions to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris as lymph is being filtered by lymph nodes?

Macrophages

The intestinal, intercostal, and lumbar lymphatic trunks drain into the ___ duct.

thoracic

Which of the following structures is not drained by the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lumbar trunks?

thoracic cavity

which collecting that passes from the abdomen up along the anterior aspect of the vertebrae column to the left subclavian vein

thoracic duct

T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the __

thymus

The injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity is termed ___

vaccine

Cell-medicated (cellular) immunity is a type of specific defense mediated mainly by ____ lymphocytes, which interact directly with antigen-presenting cells.

T

after being activated, B cell forms a clone. What does this mean?

The b cell proliferates, making many copies of itself

Name the encapsulated beloved lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum

Thymus gland

The precursors to lymphocytes mature into T cells in the ____. Those that will become B cells mature in the ___

Thymus; bone marrow

Plasma cells produce antibodies that target the same antigen as the original B cell did.

True

Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid __________________ after transplantation.

tissue rejection reaction

name the structures that prevent the backflow of lymph in the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels

Valves

On an antibody molecule, where is the antigen-binding site?

variable region

What immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, and lysis of the pathogen?

activation of complement

If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ____, will try to eliminate it.

adaptive or specific defenses

A danger with tissue or organ ____ is that the recipient's immune response may recognize the donors cells as foreign and attempt to destroy them

transplant

What is the term for an antigen that triggers an allergic response?

allergen

Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called

antibodies

What is another name for the humoral immune response?

antibody-mediated immune response

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) _____.

antigen

T cells are activated when they interacted with antigens that are attached to the surface of _____- presenting cells

antigen

Exposure to a vaccine that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity?

artificially acquired active immunity

Antibodies that attack "self" cells and tissues are called ____

autoantibodies

In immune system disorders known as ____ disorders, the immune system attacks self-antigens

autoimmune

typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to

cardiovascular veins

The form of adaptive immunity which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called ____ immunity

cell-mediated

What structure(s) or area(s) is/are lacking lymph node?

central nervous system

A population of identical cells that have mitotically descended from the same parent cell is called a(n) ___

clone

Lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway, called ______

collecting ducts

Excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called

edema

All of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced in the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).

false

What event leads to activation of B cells?

finding and binding the B cells targeted antigen

At the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?

water and small molecules