Chapter 16 - the lymphatic system
Indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens
- antibodies stimulate inflammation -antibodies directly attack the antigen - antibodies activate complement
Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens.
- carry out adaptive immune response - mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes - nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons
Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.
- occurs in red bone marrow - occurs throughout life
Which two phrases describe passive immunity?
- short termed immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date -occurs when a persons immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual
identify three age-related changes in the immune system
- the number of T cells diminish only slightly, although the response time declines, - decline begins early in life, due in part to shrinkage of the thymus, - with age, proportions of antibodies in different classes change (IgA and IgG increase, IgM and IgE decrease).
The class of immunoglobulin that is involved in allergic reactions is the class designated Ig
E
Which term describes immunity the results from the primary mean response with production of memory cells? It is a long lasting community
Active immunity
Which statement describes type lll hypersensitivity?
Antibodies-antigen complex is form and deposit in tissue
leukocytes called ___ lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their mutation
B
In order to be fully activated, most ____ cells require interaction with ___ cells
B; T
The type of adaptive immunity called ___ immunity is mediated by antibodies secretes by B cells
humoral
The general term for an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen is
hypersensitivity
Drugs that organ transplant patients take to decrease the chance of tissue rejection are called ___ drugs.
immunosuppressive
The thorax is drained by the ___ trunk and the ___ trunk
intercostal and bronchomediastinaly
Which lymphatic trunk drains the abdominal viscera?
intestinal trunk
Into which blood vessel does the thoracic duct empty?
left subclavian vein
Lost two locations where both B cells and at cells can be found.
lymph nodes and spleen
The two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are ___ and macrophages
lymphocytes
What cell type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize non self antigens?
lymphocytes
Plasma cells and ___ cells are products of activated B cell clone differentiation
memory
Upon subsequent exposure to antigen, cells called ______ T cells immediately divide to yield a large number of additional T cells (both helper and cytotoxic T cells) resulting in a secondary immune response.
memory
During a primary immune response, what type of cell results from the activation of B cells?
memory cells
How many immune response results in production of memory cells as well as antibodies against the antigen. Which of these persist longer in the body?
memory cells
The role of ___ is to live in the body for a long period of time, in order to respond to new exposures to a specific antigen that previously triggered an immune response
memory cells
Exposure to a live pathogen that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity?
natural acquired active immunity
The type of immunity developed as a result of the transfer of antibodies from mom to baby across the placenta and or through breast milk is called ______ acquired ____ immunity
naturally ; passive
Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph _____
nodes
Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells and viral infected cells by releasing proteins called _____
perforin
A(n) _____ cell is a differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secrete antibodies
plasma
The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ___ immune response
primary
Which type of immune response is slower to produce antibodies upon exposure to antigens?
primary immune response
The ___ is formed by the convergence of the eight jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk.
right lymphatic duct
Lymph from the upper limb is drained by the ___ trunk
subclavian
The right lymphatic duct empties into the right ___
subclavian vein
Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.
Filtering potentially harmful partials from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream &&' monitoring body fluids (immune surveillance)
Explain the relationship between B cells and T cells.
Helper T cells are often required to fully activate B cells
What class of immunoglobulin is found in secretions of exocrine glands?
IgA
What class of antibody is associated with type 1 (immediate reaction) hypersensitivity?
IgE
Memory B cells produce large numbers of the immunoglobulin ___ during second and subsequent exposures to their antigens
IgG
What class of immunoglobulin activated complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules?
IgG
Compare IgG, IgA, and IgM with the other two classes (IgD and IgE). Which statement is true?
IgG, IgA, and IgM are more abundant in the body than IgD or IgE
Within the lymphatic pathway, the ___ trunks drain the neck and head
Jugular
The ____ antigens on the surface of macrophages help T cells recognize an antigen as foreign.
MHC
What cell type functions to engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris as lymph is being filtered by lymph nodes?
Macrophages
The intestinal, intercostal, and lumbar lymphatic trunks drain into the ___ duct.
thoracic
Which of the following structures is not drained by the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lumbar trunks?
thoracic cavity
which collecting that passes from the abdomen up along the anterior aspect of the vertebrae column to the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the __
thymus
The injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity is termed ___
vaccine
Cell-medicated (cellular) immunity is a type of specific defense mediated mainly by ____ lymphocytes, which interact directly with antigen-presenting cells.
T
after being activated, B cell forms a clone. What does this mean?
The b cell proliferates, making many copies of itself
Name the encapsulated beloved lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum
Thymus gland
The precursors to lymphocytes mature into T cells in the ____. Those that will become B cells mature in the ___
Thymus; bone marrow
Plasma cells produce antibodies that target the same antigen as the original B cell did.
True
Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid __________________ after transplantation.
tissue rejection reaction
name the structures that prevent the backflow of lymph in the segment of the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels
Valves
On an antibody molecule, where is the antigen-binding site?
variable region
What immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, and lysis of the pathogen?
activation of complement
If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ____, will try to eliminate it.
adaptive or specific defenses
A danger with tissue or organ ____ is that the recipient's immune response may recognize the donors cells as foreign and attempt to destroy them
transplant
What is the term for an antigen that triggers an allergic response?
allergen
Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called
antibodies
What is another name for the humoral immune response?
antibody-mediated immune response
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) _____.
antigen
T cells are activated when they interacted with antigens that are attached to the surface of _____- presenting cells
antigen
Exposure to a vaccine that stimulates a primary immune response leads to what type of immunity?
artificially acquired active immunity
Antibodies that attack "self" cells and tissues are called ____
autoantibodies
In immune system disorders known as ____ disorders, the immune system attacks self-antigens
autoimmune
typical lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to
cardiovascular veins
The form of adaptive immunity which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called ____ immunity
cell-mediated
What structure(s) or area(s) is/are lacking lymph node?
central nervous system
A population of identical cells that have mitotically descended from the same parent cell is called a(n) ___
clone
Lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway, called ______
collecting ducts
Excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called
edema
All of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced in the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).
false
What event leads to activation of B cells?
finding and binding the B cells targeted antigen
At the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?
water and small molecules